V7/usr/lib/learn/eqn.a
eL0 #next
0.1a
L0.1a O #once #create message
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.pl 1
.ll 55
This script is designed to teach you the "eqn" language
for typing mathematics.
There are two versions of the program. "eqn" is for
use on the phototypesetter; "neqn" is for use on a
terminal like a DASI or GSI, or a Model 37 teletype.
The lessons are mostly written under the assumption
that you will be using neqn on a DASI or GSI or teletype;
a few things that are specific to eqn on the typesetter are
left to the end.
The terminal MUST be a DASI or GSI or teletype,
or you will get some rather startling results
from this script.
To verify that everything is working, this message
should come out with subscripts, superscripts, Greek
letters and so on. If it doesn't, we're in
trouble.
.sp
Summation sign: $ sum $
.sp
Letter pi: $ pi $
.sp
Subscript and superscript: $ x sub i ~=~ y sup j $
.sp
If this looks ok, type yes. Otherwise, type no.
.pl 1
#
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#fail
Do you have the right kind of terminal?
If you are using a DASI or GSI, make
sure the switch labeled "PLOT" inside the cover
is set to ON.
If these fail, call for help;
otherwise type yes the next time.
#log
#next
1.1a
L1.1a >#print
To properly print a file containing an equation,
you have to type a longer-than-usual command line.
If you are using a DASI or GSI, to print a file
"math" that contains mathematics, you must say
neqn math | nroff -Txxx
where "-Txxx" describes the terminal you are using.
This is usually one of
-T300
-T300S
-T450
It is very important that you get this line right.
If you don't, you'll not be happy with your output.
In this directory is a file called "Example"; print
it properly, using whichever command line is
appropriate to your terminal.
Then type "ready".
#once #create Example
This is a little file that contains an
example of a subscript and superscript:
.ce
.EQ
a sub i + b sub i ~=~ c sub i sup 2
.EN
.pl 1
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
grep 'neqn Example *| *nroff -T' <.copy >/dev/null
#log
#next
1.1b 10
L1.1b V#print
Most technical papers and memos consist of normal text
interspersed with occasional (or frequent) mathematical
expressions, such as the ones in the last lesson.
To tell neqn that something is mathematics, not normal
text, you must surround it by two "commands":
A line that begins with
.EQ
marks the start of an expression.
A line that begins with
.EN
marks the end of the expression.
Thus, the lines
.EQ
x=y+1
.EN
represent the equation
x=y+1
The file "Example" in this directory has a line that contains
+ and - signs. Make that line into an equation
by adding .EQ and .EN before and after.
Print "Example" with neqn and nroff (and the appropriate -Txxx),
then type "ready".
#once #create Ref
This is a tiny little text
that includes one equation
or at least it will when you find this line:
.ce
.EQ
a = b + c - d
.EN
and convert it into an equation.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
This is a tiny little text
that includes one equation
or at least it will when you find this line:
.ce
a = b + c - d
and convert it into an equation.
.pl 1
#user
#cmp Ref Example
#log
#next
1.1c 10
L1.1c M#print
It is usually wise to do your formatting with
the "-ms" macro package developed by Mike Lesk, since
it does a lot of dirty work for you without any effort
on your part.
One of the things "-ms" does is to arrange that equations
are "displayed" - that is, that they are neatly centered
and set off from the surrounding text.
Most of the "-ms" package is described in another script
called "macros", which you may have already learned.
For now, we need only know this much: to use "-ms"
with neqn, add "-ms" to your command line, right after
the word "nroff", like this
neqn files... | nroff -ms -Txxx
Notice where the "-ms" goes.
In this directory is a file called "Example".
To prove that you can type the "-ms" in the right place,
print "Example" with "-ms", then type "ready".
#once #create Example
.PP
This is a tiny little text
that includes one equation
or at least it will when you find this line:
.EQ
x sub i = y sub i
.EN
and convert it into an equation.
(Naturally I changed it.)
.pl 1
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
grep 'neqn Example *| *nroff -ms' <.copy >/dev/null
#log
#next
1.1d 10
.L1.1d ##print
The "-ms" package lets you do some other nice things as
well. For example, you can arrange for a number to be
placed on an equation, in the right margin:
a = b + c - d (1.23)
by placing the number after the .EQ on the same line,
like this:
.EQ (1.23)
You must leave a space between .EQ and the number.
In the file "Example", number the equation "17.1a"
and print it properly with neqn and nroff -ms.
(Don't forget -Txxx for your terminal.)
Then type "ready".
#once #create Example
.PP
This is a tiny little text
that includes one equation
or at least it will when you find this line:
.EQ
x sub i = y sub i + z sub i
.EN
and convert it into an equation.
(Naturally I changed it again.)
.pl 1
#user
grep '\.EQ *17\.1a$' <Example >/dev/null
#log
#next
1.1e 10
3L1.1e +#print
So far all the equations have been centered, which is what
"-ms" does unless you tell it differently.
You can also arrange for equations to be left-adjusted -
that is, right up against the left margin - by saying
.EQ L
If there is a number, place it _____after the L, separated by a
space, like this:
.EQ L (3a)
Make the equation in "Example" left-justified with
the number (3.1a) in the right margin and print it
to make sure everything works. Then type "ready".
#once #create Example
.PP
This is a tiny little text
(which you're undoubtedly sick of by now)
that includes one equation
or at least it will when you find this line:
.EQ
x sup i = y sup i
.EN
and convert it into an equation.
(Naturally I changed it.)
.pl 1
#user
grep '\.EQ *L *(3.1a)$' <Example >/dev/null
#log
#next
1.1f 10
aL1.1f #print
You can also make equations that are ________indented a fixed amount from
the left margin, with the command
.EQ I
Again, if there is an equation number, it follows the I.
Convert all the equations in "Example" to indented ones.
(Naturally I've changed it.)
You can do this with a single editor command.
Print "Example" with neqn and nroff -ms,
then type "ready".
#once #create Ref
.LP
EQUIVALENCES OF ONE SORT AND ANOTHER
.LP
.EQ I (2.01)
bold x sup { n alpha } (t) ~->~ bold x sup alpha ( bold X ,t).
.EN
.sp
.EQ I (2.02)
sum from n F( bold x sup { n alpha } (t))
~->~ 1 over OMEGA INT F( bold x sup alpha ( bold X ,t))d bold \|X
.EN
.EQ I (2.03)
bold x ( bold X ,t) ~==~
sum from { alpha =1} to N
rho sup alpha over rho sup 0 bold x sup alpha ( bold X ,t)
.EN
.EQ I (2.08)
sum from {alpha =1} to N
U sup { mu alpha } V sup { mu alpha } ~=~ delta sup { mu nu }
.EN
.EQ I (2.06)
bold y sup { T mu } ( bold X ,t)
~==~ sum from {alpha =1} to N
U sup { mu alpha }
bold x sup alpha
( bold X ,t)
.EN
.EQ I
~ partial over {partial d}
( epsilon sub 0 bold E sup T times bold B ) sub i
- m sub ij,\|j ~=~
-q sup D E sub i sup T
-( bold ~j sup D times bold B ) sub i
.EN
#once #create Example
.LP
EQUIVALENCES OF ONE SORT AND ANOTHER
.LP
.EQ (2.01)
bold x sup { n alpha } (t) ~->~ bold x sup alpha ( bold X ,t).
.EN
.sp
.EQ (2.02)
sum from n F( bold x sup { n alpha } (t))
~->~ 1 over OMEGA INT F( bold x sup alpha ( bold X ,t))d bold \|X
.EN
.EQ (2.03)
bold x ( bold X ,t) ~==~
sum from { alpha =1} to N
rho sup alpha over rho sup 0 bold x sup alpha ( bold X ,t)
.EN
.EQ (2.08)
sum from {alpha =1} to N
U sup { mu alpha } V sup { mu alpha } ~=~ delta sup { mu nu }
.EN
.EQ (2.06)
bold y sup { T mu } ( bold X ,t)
~==~ sum from {alpha =1} to N
U sup { mu alpha }
bold x sup alpha
( bold X ,t)
.EN
.EQ
~ partial over {partial d}
( epsilon sub 0 bold E sup T times bold B ) sub i
- m sub ij,\|j ~=~
-q sup D E sub i sup T
-( bold ~j sup D times bold B ) sub i
.EN
#user
#cmp Ref Example
#log
#next
2.1a 10
L10.1a `E #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The next topic goes back to the problem of formatting
equations on the page. Sometimes it is desirable to
line up one part of an equation with some part
of a previous equation - for example, equals signs
are often lined up like this:
.EQ I
x mark = y sub i
.EN
.EQ I
lineup = z sub i
.EN
.EQ I
x sub i + y sub i lineup = z sub i
.EN
To achieve this, you have to do several things.
(1) tell neqn to remember the place where things are
to be lined up, which is done by saying
"mark" just before the thing you want remembered:
.EQ I
x mark = y sub i
.EN
.br
(2) Then, in successive equations, telling neqn
to line up something on the previous mark, with
"lineup":
.EQ I
lineup = z sub i
.EN
.br
(3) You ____have __to use either ".EQ I" or ".EQ L";
you can't line things up in a centered equation.
For practice, modify "Example" so the
equations are lined up on the equals signs, then
type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
A test of mark and lineup:
.EQ I
x sub i ~ mark =~ 1
.EN
.EQ I
x sub i + y sub i ~ lineup = ~2
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
A test of mark and lineup:
.EQ I
x sub i ~ =~ 1
.EN
.EQ I
x sub i + y sub i ~ =~ 2
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget that tilde is a real character;
put the mark and lineup after it.
Remember .EQ I.
#log
#next
10.1b 10
L10.1b A#print
More practice with mark and lineup.
Modify "Example" so the + signs are lined up in
all of the equations, then type "ready".
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ I
x ~==~ a sub i ~ mark + ~ b sub i ~-~ c sub i
.EN
.EQ I
lineup + ~ d sub i - e sub i
.EN
.EQ I
lineup + ~ f sub i - g sub i
.EN
.EQ I
lineup + ~ ...
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ I
x ~==~ a sub i ~ + ~ b sub i ~-~ c sub i
.EN
.EQ I
+ ~ d sub i - e sub i
.EN
.EQ I
+ ~ f sub i - g sub i
.EN
.EQ I
+ ~ ...
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
10.1c 10
eL10.1c #print
There are several warnings in order about mark and lineup.
First, remember that you must use ".EQ I" or ".EQ L".
Second, there can only be one mark or one lineup in any given
equation.
Finally, what you are doing must make sense, or
your results may be not what you wanted.
Does this sequence produce output with the equals signs
lined up?
.EQ L
x mark = y
.EN
.EQ L
x+y mark = z
.EN
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
11.1a 10
10.2c 5
L10.2c #print
Does this sequence produce output with the equals signs
lined up?
.EQ I
x mark = y
.EN
.EQ I
x+y mark = z
.EN
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
11.1a 10
L11.1a bE F#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
We have introduced a fair number of "magic" words like
sub and sup and over and pi and sum. What happens if
you need to print an equation that contains one of these
words __as ____text, like this:
.EQ
e sub "pi"
.EN
The way to turn off special meanings of magic words is
to enclose them in the double quotes "...". The $e sub "pi"$
was printed with
.EQ
e sub "pi"
.EN
Using this knowledge, modify file "Example" so it produces output
that looks like the following, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
lim "sup" f( "pi" ) = p cdot i
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
lim sup f( pi ) = p cdot i
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
11.1b 10
L11.1b eE ?#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The quoting mechanism can also be used to turn off the special meaning
of things like the dollar sign and braces.
Modify "Example" so it prints the following output, then
type "ready".
.pl 1
#
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The cost of processing is proportional to
$characters over "$"$.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
The cost of processing is proportional to
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
11.1c 10
nL11.1c iE #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Modify "Example" so it prints the following output, then
type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The cost of processing is proportional to
${ "{" characters "}" } over "$"$.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
The cost of processing is proportional to
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
11.1d 10
nL11.1d #print
One thing to keep in mind, although it generally
isn't going to affect you, is that the quote "
is a delimiter just like blank or tilde -
it turns off subscripts and superscripts, and so
on.
Experiment a bit, and decide if
e sup "{t}"
is the same as
e sup "{"t"}"
Type yes if they are the same, no if they are different.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
11.1e 10
fL11.1e kE #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Sometimes there will be a need for a subscript or superscript
that has nothing to the left of it, as in references like
$"" sup 1$Smith, J. `A great paper...'
Experiment and decide if you can get this effect
by writing simply
%sup 1%Smith, J.....
Type yes if this works, no if it does not.
.pl 1
#
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
11.1f 10
xL11.1f nE #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The way to handle the problem of a subscript or superscript
on nothing is to provide something to hang the subscript
or superscript on.
One possibility is to use a tilde, but that has a real width,
and might spoil the appearance of the output.
The best solution is this:
"" sup 1 ...
The expression "" has no width, so everything works
out properly. The use of "" may seem a bit unnatural
but it's an idiom that you get used to quite quickly.
For practice, modify "Example" so it produces
output that looks like this,
then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
"" sup + H sub 2 ~ "<=>" ~ "" sup - H ~+~ "" sup + H
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget spaces; don't forget to quote
things when needed (including <=>).
#log
#next
11.1g 10
L11.1g qE #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
For practice, modify "Example" so it produces
output that looks like this,
then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
{ lim ~ "sup" } bar ~f(x) ~=~ x
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
12.1a 10
L12.1a sE #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The next step is to learn how to put big parentheses,
brackets, braces or bars around equations, like this:
.EQ
left | a sup 2 over b sub i right |
.EN
This is done with two new words called "left" and "right".
To put bars around something, you simply say, in the middle
of an equation,
left | something right |
and the job is done.
"something" can indeed be anything, from a single letter
up to some horribly complicated mess.
The bars grow to the right height to cover the
"something", automatically.
To produce the example above, all that was needed was
.EQ
left | a sup 2 over b sub i right |
.EN
For practice, modify file "Example" so it produces output
that looks like this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
left |
{a over b ~+~ c over d} over 2
right |
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
12.1b 10
L12.1b #print
Bars are not the only characters you can put
around an equation.
If you say
left ( thing right )
you will get large parentheses around "thing".
You can also use [ and ] for large square brackets
and { and } for large braces.
The main problem is that on your terminal there is
no good way for neqn to draw large braces
or brackets or parens. So neqn replaces all of these
with bars.
Use the right character anyway, though - things do
work properly on the typesetter. And who knows, some day
neqn may get improved as well.
With the current version of neqn, does the input
left { a over b right }
produce the same output as
left [ a over b right ]
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
12.1c 10
L12.1c wE #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Of course the thing with bars or braces around it can
still be part of larger expressions: the input
.EQ
left | {a over b ~+~ c over d} over 2 right | over a+b+c+d
.EN
produces
.EQ
left | {a over b ~+~ c over d} over 2 right | over a+b+c+d
.EN
For practice, modify file "Example" so it produces output
that looks like this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
left |
{a over b ~+~ c over d} over 2
right |
sup half
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
12.1d 10
L12.1d
#print
.LP
The "right" part of a left-right construction can be
omitted if it is not used; just leave that part out.
The main thing to watch out for is that now you will
need braces to enclose the entire construction, "left" and all -
otherwise neqn will not know where to stop in
figuring out how high the thing is.
For example, will
left "{" a + b over c over d
produce the same output as
{ left "{" a } + b over c over d
Answer yes or no after experimenting.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
12.1e 10
L12.1e yE a#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.PP
There are also occasions when you want to omit
the left part and keep the right part.
This is a bit more complicated, since for obscure
reasons neqn won't let you actually leave the
left part out completely.
But you can ask it to print no character,
instead of using bars, by saying
left "" thing right |
.LP
This is similar to the way we used quotes before, to get
a zero-width thing before a superscript.
For practice, modify file "Example" so it produces output
that looks like this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
left ""
int from 0 to {2 pi} sin (x) dx ~=~
cos (x) right | sub 0 sup {2 pi}
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
gL2.1a #print
You may have noticed that neqn threw away the spaces
in several of the examples we did. For example, in
.EQ
a = b + c - d
.EN
the output equation looks like
a=b+c-d
regardless of spaces in the input.
Spaces are always thrown away, and so are new lines - you
can type an equation on as many lines as you like.
This latitude is permitted mainly to make it easy to type equations -
longer equations are easier to edit when they are typed
as a series of short input lines instead of one giant
one.
Will the printed output of this equation
.EQ
a
+
b
+
c
.EN
be any different from this one?
.EQ
a+b+c
.EN
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
2.1b 10
2.2a 5
gL2.1b #print
Since spaces are thrown away, what do you do when
you want spaces? The answer is that you have to ask for
them explicitly.
If you type a "~" (tilde) it will be replaced by a space
on output; use one tilde for each space.
Thus to get
a + b
you need
.EQ
a~+~b
.EN
Modify the equation in file "Example" so there is one space
around each of the operators =, + and -, so it looks like
a = b + c - d
Print it with neqn and nroff -ms to verify it.
Type "ready" when done.
#once #create Ref
.PP
You probably thought you were done with this ridiculous
example of just
.EQ
a ~=~
b ~+~ c
~-~d
.EN
Sorry, but you will probably even see it again.
.pl 1
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once #create Example
.PP
You probably thought you were done with this ridiculous
example of just
.EQ
a =
b + c
-d
.EN
Sorry, but you will probably even see it again.
.pl 1
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
2.1c 10
2.2b 5
L2.1c #once #create message
.nf
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
Several of the examples we did earlier had Greek letters
and other mathematical symbols in them.
The way to get things like $pi$ and $sum$ and $int$ is
rather easy - you just spell out their names, like this:
$pi$ is pi
$sum$ is sum
$int$ is int
and so on.
The main thing you must always remember about these names
is that when they appear in an equation, they must be
separated from surrounding symbols by blanks or tildes,
OR THEY WILL NOT BE RECOGNIZED.
For practice, modify "Example" so the symbol $partial$
is replaced by $sum$ everywhere it appears.
Type "ready" when you're done.
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.PP
The symbol
.EQ
sum
.EN
often appears in lines like
.EQ
{ sum x } over { sum y } = y over x
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term
#once #create Example
.PP
The symbol
.EQ
partial
.EN
often appears in lines like
.EQ
{ partial x } over { partial y } = y over x
.EN
.pl 1
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
2.1d 10
mL2.1d #print
The file "Chars" contains a longer list of characters that
you can obtain with neqn.
Print the file "Chars" with neqn and nroff -ms, then
type "ready". (Don't forget -Txxx.)
#once #create Chars
.LP
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.nf
$alpha$ alpha
$beta$ beta
$gamma$ gamma
$GAMMA$ GAMMA
$delta$ delta
$DELTA$ DELTA
$epsilon$ epsilon
$zeta$ zeta
$eta$ eta
$THETA$ THETA
$theta$ theta
$lambda$ lambda
$LAMBDA$ LAMBDA
$mu$ mu
$nu$ nu
$xi$ xi
$pi$ pi
$PI$ PI
$rho$ rho
$sigma$ sigma
$SIGMA$ SIGMA
$tau$ tau
$phi$ phi
$PHI$ PHI
$psi$ psi
$PSI$ PSI
$omega$ omega
$OMEGA$ OMEGA
$partial$ partial
$integral$ integral
$int$ int
$sum$ sum
$prod$ prod
$<=$ <=
$>=$ >=
$==$ ==
$cdot$ cdot
$...$ ...
.pl 1
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
grep 'neqn Chars *| *nroff' <.copy >/dev/null
#log
#next
2.1e 10
L2.1e |E `#once #create message
.ND
.PP
For practice, in this directory there is a file called
"Example". It contains an equation. Make it
look like this:
.EQ
int from i to j f( pi ) ~=~ LAMBDA (x)
.EN
by changing the character names as appropriate
and adding spaces where needed.
Type "ready" when you're satisfied.
.pl 1
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
int from i to j f( pi ) ~=~ LAMBDA (x)
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
sum from i to j f(q) = lambda (x)
.EN
.pl 1
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X2 &
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X1
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
2.1f 10
2.2e 5
L2.1f ~E #once #create message
.ND
.LP
One of the most common problems in using neqn is forgetting
to leave spaces or tildes around "magic" words like "pi"
or "int" or "sum". The result is that the magic words
cease to be magic, and just look like ordinary strings
of letters.
In the file "Example", there are several such errors.
Find them, and fix them so the output looks
like this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
sum ~=~ pi ~+~1
.EN
.EQ
a~=~ pi (x)
.EN
.EQ
alpha ~=~ beta ~+~ gamma ~+~ delta
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
sum=pi+1
.EN
.EQ
a=pi(x)
.EN
.EQ
alpha=beta+gamma+delta
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
3.1a 10
L2.2a R#print
Will the output from the first equation below be different
from the second?
.EQ
X = Y
+Z
.EN
.EQ
x = y
+ z
.EN
Answer yes if they will be different,
no if they will be the same.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#fail
Look more closely at ____what letters are being printed.
#log
#next
2.1b 10
L2.2b S#print
One more example of spaces before getting on to something
new.
In the file "Example", change the spacing so the equation
reads
a = b+c-d
Print the example with "-ms".
Type "ready" when you're done.
#once #create Ref
.PP
Here it is again. One example goes a long way.
.EQ
a ~=~
b + c
-d
.EN
Sorry, but you will probably even see it again.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.PP
Here it is again. One example goes a long way.
.EQ
a =
b + c
-d
.EN
Sorry, but you will probably even see it again.
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
2.1c 10
EL2.2e E V#print
Make the two equations in "Example" look like these two,
then type "ready".
#once #create Ref
.ND
.LP
.EQ (1.1)
PI ~=~ ( pi sub 1 , pi sub 2 ,..., pi sub n )
.EN
.EQ (1.2)
pi bar ~=~ sum ( alpha , beta )
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.ND
.LP
.EQ
PHI = ( phi sub 1 , phi sub 2 ,..., phi sub n )
.EN
.EQ
phi bar = sum (A,B)
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget equation numbering and spaces
where needed. Print file "Chars" if you've forgotten
the character names.
#log
#next
2.1f
L3.1a E #once #create message
.ND
.PP
Now that we have some of the preliminaries out of the way,
we can get on to doing real mathematics.
I have been slipping small things into the example files
as we go along so that you will at least have seen
some common neqn constructions.
One of the most frequent is the word "sub", which
indicates a subscript, like this:
.EQ
x sub i + y sub j
.EN
which produces
.EQ
x sub i + y sub j
.EN
The main thing to notice is that the blanks are delimiters -
the subscript of "x" is "i"; the blank after the "i" marks
the end of the subscript.
Modify the file "Example" so the equation in it looks like
this:
.EQ
x sub alpha ~=~ y sub pi ~+~ z sub pi
.EN
Then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x sub alpha ~=~ y sub pi ~+~ z sub pi
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
3.1b 10
3.2a 5
L3.1b E #once #create message
.ND
.PP
Naturally there is a superscript operation that's exactly
like "sub", except that it goes up instead of down.
It is called "sup". To make
.EQ
x sup i+j
.EN
for example, you type
.EQ
x sup i+j
.EN
Make the file "Example" produce the same output
as the following, then type "ready".
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x sup alpha ~=~ y sup pi ~+~ z sup pi
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget that there are spaces
around the = and +.
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
3.1c 10
iL3.1c E o#once #create message
.ND
.PP
Subscripts and superscripts can appear in the same equation,
and any subscripted or superscripted thing can have
a subscript or superscript.
For example, you can say
.EQ
x sub i sub j ~+~ y sup i sup j
.EN
to get
.EQ
x sub i sub j ~+~ y sup i sup j
.EN
Modify "Example" to produce the following output, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
2 sup 2 sup 2 sup 2 ~=~ 65536
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
3.1d 10
3.2c 5
oL3.1d E #once #create message
.ND
.PP
There is one special construction with subscripts
and superscripts that you have to be aware of, although
it almost always does what you want automatically.
When something has both a subscript and a superscript,
it is usually printed as
.EQ
x sub i sup j
.EN
instead of
.EQ
{x sub i} sup j
.EN
To produce this effect, with the superscript _____above the
subscript instead of to the right, you have to type
the subscript ______before the superscript, like this:
.EQ
x sub i sup j
.EN
That's all there is to it.
Modify "Example" to produce the following output, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x sub ij sup kmn = y sub i sub j
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
3.1e 10
3.2d 5
sL3.1e E #once #create message
.ND
.PP
One common typing error that you should watch out for
is forgetting to end a superscript or subscript
with a blank or other delimiter (like tilde).
For instance, you often see output like
.EQ
f(x sup 2)=1
.EN
because there wasn't a space left between the 2 and the ).
What we really wanted, of course, was
.EQ
f(x sup 2 )=1
.EN
Modify "Example" to produce this output, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
g( x sup pi )
= pi (gx sup 2 )
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
g( x sup pi)
=pi(gxsup2)
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
4.1a 10
L3.2a #print
Do
x sub i +y sub j
and
x sub i+y sub j
produce the same output?
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
3.1b 10
L3.2c E U#once #create message
.ND
.PP
Modify "Example" to produce this output, then type "ready".
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x sup 2 + y sup 2 = z sup 2
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
3.1d 10
(L3.2d #print
Does the equation
x sup pi sub i
produce the same output as
x sub i sup pi
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
3.1e 10
cL4.1a E F#once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The next neqn word to learn is "over", which makes
fractions like
.EQ
a+b over c
.EN
In fact that line was made by
.EQ
a+b over c
.EN
To begin with an easy one, reproduce
the equation below in the file "Example", then type
ready.
(To get $>=$, type ">=".)
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x+1 over y+1 ~>=~ x over y
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
4.1b 10
4.2a 5
L4.1b E ;#once #create message
.ND
.LP
Of course you can use reserved words like "pi" or "int"
with the "over" construction. For example, modify
"Example" so its output looks like the following, then
type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
alpha over beta ~=~ pi over 2
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
The names are alpha, beta and pi.
I hope your trouble wasn't any more
complicated than that.
#log
#next
4.1c 10
dL4.1c #print
Does the neqn input
.EQ
a
over
b
.EN
produce the same output as the input
.EQ
a over b
.EN
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
4.1d 10
4.2c 5
yL4.1d E #once #create message
.ND
.LP
You can put fractions over fractions with multiple "over"'s
just as you can do multiple subscripts and superscripts,
although fractions within fractions are much
less common (probably because they are harder for
people to read).
Anyway, if you want, for example, something like
.EQ
a over b over c
.EN
you just type
.EQ
a over b over c
.EN
As a drill, change "Example" so it produces an equation
that looks like the following one, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x over x+x over x+x+x
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
right here
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
5.1a
L4.2a E #once #create message
.ND
.LP
Another practice one for using "over".
Modify the file "Example" so it produces
output that looks like this one, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
a + b over c + d = e over f
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
4.1b 10
L4.2c #print
Does the neqn input
.EQ
~a
over
b~
.EN
produce the same output as the input
.EQ
a~ over ~b
.EN
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
4.1d 10
L5.1a E #once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
So far we have carefuly skirted around a potential
problem; maybe you've wondered about it.
Suppose we want to produce an equation that looks
like this:
.EQ
x sup { pi + 1 }
.EN
The superscript is complicated, in that it contains
both a $pi$ and a +1, which has to be separated
from the $pi$ by a blank.
But I already told you that a blank terminates
the superscript. What's going on?
As the first step to finding out, will the input
equation
x sup pi + 1
produce the output
$x sup {pi + 1}$ ?
Answer yes or no.
(You can play with the file "Example" if you like.)
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
5.1b
L5.1b E #once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The problem is really that we need a way to tell neqn
that in spite of blanks, a group of things (like the $pi$
and the +1) have to be kept together as a single superscript.
The way that this is done is to enclose the group in
braces - the characters { and } - like this:
.EQ
x sup {pi + 1}
.EN
This tells neqn that everything inside the braces belongs
to the superscript, in spite of blanks and tildes.
(You don't need blanks before and after braces themselves -
like tildes, they act as delimiters.)
Modify the file "Example" so that the output looks like
the following, then type "ready".
(To get $==$, type "==".)
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x sup {pi +1} == y sup z sup {alpha + beta}
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
5.1c 10
5.2b 5
dL5.1c E #once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Braces are an exceedingly useful construction.
Wherever you have a place where you could have used
a single thing like the letter "x", you can plug in
anything in braces, and the whole thing will
be positioned properly. You can use braces with sub and sup
and over, and all the other magic words we
haven't seen yet.
First let's use braces with "over".
Modify "Example" to produce this output, then
type "ready".
(Recall that $partial$ is called "partial".)
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
{partial y} over {partial x} ~=~ alpha over {alpha +1}
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
5.1d 10
L5.1d E #once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
You will get lots of practice
using braces as we go along.
One thing to keep in mind is that
braces can appear ______within braces.
(Remember that I said that anywhere you
could use an "x" you could put something in
braces instead. So to get this:
.EQ
e sup {x sup {pi +1} + y sup {pi +1}}
.EN
you can type
e sup {x sup {pi +1} + y sup {pi +1}}
The big superscript (the one on the "e") has
a pair of braces that take in everything.
Then the "x" and the "y" each have braces
to delimit their superscripts.
Of course the braces have to go in the right
places, or you won't get the output you
want.
To verify that you are still following this
lesson, modify "Example" so it looks like
this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
e sup { - {x sup {pi +1} + y sup {pi +1}} over 2}
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
e sup {x sup {pi +1} + y sup {pi +1}}
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget that you need braces for the overall superscript,
and also for the "over" part.
#log
#next
5.1e 10
5.2d 5
L5.1e #print
Once you start using braces, there are a number of
mistakes that you can make. For example, you can
leave a brace out, or you can get them out of order
(Like } xxx { ), or you can get them in illegal places.
For all of these, neqn tells you "syntax error",
then tries to say what file and line numbers are
involved.
The line numbers are often not exact, but
they are very close. When you get such a message,
print a line or two before and after the line
numbers named in the syntax error message.
The file "Example" contains a syntax error.
What line does neqn believe it begins on?
Type "answer N", where N is the line number.
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ 3
e sup -x sup 2 + e sup -x sub i sup 2 + e sup{-x sub i}sup 2
.EN
.EQ 4
e sup{-{x sub i sup 2 + y sub i sup 2}over 2}
= e sup{- x over y}
.EN
.EQ 5
a over b = c over d = A over B times C over D
.EN
.EQ 8
B sub a sub 2 +
B sub a sup 2 +B{ sub a}sup 2 + (B sub a ) sup 2 + (B sup 2 ) sub a
+B sup 2 sup x
.EN
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 13
#log
#next
5.1f 10
L5.1f #print
Is the construction
a {sup pi +1}
legal in neqn? Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
5.1g 10
cL5.1g #print
It is often possible to leave out braces,
but when you do be sure that you get the
answer you really wanted.
For example, does
x sup a over b
produce the same output as
x sup {a over b}
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
5.1h 10
5.2g 5
2L5.1h E #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
One thing that you will occasionally need
is to be able to get a literal { or } in your
output, for an expression like
.EQ
{ "{" a + b "}" } over 2
.EN
The way to do this is to place the braces
that are really to appear ______inside ______quotes,
like this:
.EQ
{ "{" a + b "}" } over 2
.EN
.br
The quotes temporarily turn off the special meaning
of the braces so that you can have them printed.
The file "Example" has a lot of square brackets in
it. Modify them so they are all braces when they are
printed - so they look like this - then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
f"{" x sub 1 ,..., x sub n "}" ~=~ "{" x sub 1 ,..., x sub n "}"
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
f[ x sub 1 ,..., x sub n ] ~=~ [ x sub 1 ,..., x sub n ]
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
6.1a 10
L5.2b E #once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Try another example with braces, for practice.
Make the file "Example" produce output that looks
like this line, then type "ready".
(The character $rho$ is "rho".)
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
alpha sub i sup {pi + rho + 1} ~=~ 1
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
replace me
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
5.1c 10
L5.2d E #once #create message
.ND
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Modify "Example" so it produces this output, then
type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
{partial e sup {-{x sup 2 + y sup 2} over 2}} over
{partial x} ~=~ f(x)
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
5.1e 10
/L5.2g #print
Does
x sup a over b
produce the same output as
{x sup a} over b
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
5.1h 10
tL6.1a E 4#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
So far every equation you have typed in
has been "displayed" - neatly centered or indented, and
offset from the surrounding text.
But not all equations are like that.
Very often they appear right in the middle of
running text as subscripts like $x sub i$ or special characters
like $pi$ or $partial$. How are these done?
The idea is this. Two characters (which may be identical)
are set aside as "delimiters". When the
left delimiter is seen anywhere in ___any line,
it marks the beginning of an in-line equation.
The end is marked by the right delimiter. Between the
delimiters, all the normal rules of neqn apply.
Suppose we say the delimiters are % signs.
Then to get $pi$, you have to type %pi%.
To make sure that you can do this much, find the
$pi$, $alpha$ and $sum$ characters in "Example"
and make them into in-line equations.
Use % and % as the delimiter characters.
(This is the most frequent choice, by the way.)
Type "ready" when you're done.
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
This line contains some $pi$ and $alpha$ Greek
and $sum$ as well. Don't forget that spaces
inside dollar signs are ignored, while spaces
outside them are significant.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
This line contains some pi and alpha Greek
and sum as well. Don't forget that spaces
inside dollar signs are ignored, while spaces
outside them are significant.
.pl 1
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
6.1b
L6.1b I#print
There is one other thing you have to do before
you can use a character as a delimiter - you
have to tell neqn that you are going to.
To do this, as the very first thing in your
input you must put these three lines:
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
(If you like, other characters than $ can be used,
but we will stick to dollar signs here.)
Until you do this, $ signs have no special
significance to neqn.
Modify the file "Example" by adding the "delim"
lines to the beginning, and check that $ signs are
now significant. Type "ready" when you are done.
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Now is the $times$ for all good $mu$ $epsilon$ $nu$
to come to the aid of their party.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
Now is the $times$ for all good $mu$ $epsilon$ $nu$
to come to the aid of their party.
.pl 1
#user
#cmp Ref example
#log
#next
6.1c 10
eL6.1c #print
One thing to keep in mind is that outside of
$ signs, spaces are significant just as they
were before. Inside $ signs, spaces are significant
only as delimiters, and will not add any space
to the output.
Furthermore, inside delimiters, new lines also
don't matter, just as they didn't matter between
the .EQ and .EN.
Do the lines
Let $alpha$ be the size of the vector $pi$.
and
Let $ alpha $ be the size of the vector $ pi $.
produce the same output?
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
6.1d 10
L6.1d #print
Do the inputs
Let $x sub i$ and $y sub i$ be $>= z sub i$.
and
Let $x sub i$ and $y sub i$ be $>=$ $z sub i$.
produce the same output?
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
7.1a
L7.1a E T#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The next construction we're going to look at
is one for putting things above and below other
things, in a rather specialized way.
For example, if you want something like
.EQ
sum from i to j
.EN
you type
.EQ
sum from i to j
.EN
The words "from" and "to" are more magic, like
sub or sup or over. The "from" part is centered
under the main piece; the "to" part is centered
above it.
As a warmup, modify "Example" so it produces
output that looks like the following, then type
ready.
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Let $Q( pi )$ be $sum from {i= pi sub 1} to {i= pi sub 2} x sub i$.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
7.1b 10
L7.1b E y#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
As you might expect from our previous discussions,
any part of a
thing from thing to thing
construction can be as complicated as you wish.
The only limitation is that the individual "thing"'s
may well need braces around them to make it
clear to neqn which part goes with which.
For example, suppose you want
.EQ
sum from {pi = 0} to {pi = n}
.EN
Then you have to ensure that the $pi =0$ and
$pi =n$ parts are included in braces or
they will not work right.
Modify file "Example" so the output looks like
the example above, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
sum from {pi = 0} to {pi =n}
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
sum from pi = 0 to pi = n
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
7.1c 10
7.2b 5
oL7.1c E 2#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
It is also quite permissible to leave out
either the "from" part or the "to" part
of a from-to construction. For example,
modify "Example" so its output looks like this,
then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
lim from {x-> pi /2} ( tan~x) sup {sin~2x}~=~1
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
lim from xxx ( tan~x) sup {sin~2x}~=~1
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
7.1d 10
7.2c 5
L7.1d E ~#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Let's do one more example of from-to for practice
before we go on to the next topic.
Modify "Example" so it produces output that looks
like this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Let $Q( pi )$ be $sum from {i= pi sub 1} to {i= pi sub 2} x sub i$.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget to set delimiters before the .LP line,
and get the spaces right around the dollar signs.
#log
#next
8.1a 10
L7.2b #print
Does the input
sum from {i = -n} to {i = +n}
produce the same output as the input
sum from i=-n to i=+n
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
7.1c
L7.2c E s#once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Modify file "Example" so it looks like this,
then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
sum to N+n-m x sub mn > 0
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxx
.EN
.pl 1
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
7.1d 10
$L8.1a E b#once #create message
.ND
.LP
The next neqn operation is called "sqrt" - it makes
square root signs over things, like this:
.EQ
sqrt a+b
.EN
(They don't look very good on a terminal, unfortunately.)
This one is very easy - to print the line above, you
say
.EQ
sqrt a+b
.EN
The "sqrt" operates on the first thing it finds
so if you want something more complicated, like
.EQ
sqrt {pi +1}
.EN
you have to use braces to enclose the entire
thing. This one was printed with
.EQ
sqrt {pi +1}
.EN
And that's all there is to sqrt.
Modify "Example" so it looks like this, then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
f(x) ~=~ sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
f(x)....
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
8.1b 10
L8.1b E #once #create message
.ND
.LP
Since "sqrt thing" is really a single object, you
often don't need braces around it, although there
may well be braces around "thing" itself.
For example, you can say
.EQ
1 over sqrt {ax sup2 +bx+c}
.EN
to produce
.EQ
1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}
.EN
Does the input
.EQ
e sup sqrt {pi x}
.EN
produce the same output as
.EQ
e sup {sqrt {pi x}}
.EN
Answer yes or no.
.pl 1
#
#once neqn message | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match yes
#log
#next
9.1a 10
8.2b 5
NL8.2b #print
Does the input
.EQ
e sup sqrt {pi x}
.EN
produce the same output as
.EQ
e sup sqrt pi x
.EN
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
9.1a 10
L9.1a E #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
The next step is to learn about "diacriticals", which
is a big word for funny marks on symbols, like
a bar over something ($x bar$), or a tilde or hat on
something ($x tilde ,~a hat$), or perhaps a dot
or dotdot ($T dot ,~U dotdot$), or even an
underlining like $abc under$.
These are all easy. Each funny character
has a name, and all you have to do is put the name
after the thing you want the character on.
Thus
x hat makes $x hat$
y bar makes $y bar$
T dot makes $T dot$
x tilde makes $x tilde$ (notice that we spell tilde)
u dotdot makes $u dotdot$ (looks ugly on a terminal)
.br
and
i under makes $i under$.
Except for "bar" and "under", these are almost always
attached to just a single letter.
If you want to put a bar over something longer, like
${2 pi +1} bar$, simply enclose the thing in braces:
{2 pi +1} bar
Modify "Example" to produce output that looks like this,
then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Let $x bar$, $y bar$, and $z bar$ be the components of $pi bar$.
Let ${alpha +1} bar$ be the mean value of $alpha hat$.
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Let x bar, y bar, and z bar be the components of pi bar.
Let alpha +1 bar be the mean value of alpha hat.
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#fail
Don't forget to set delimiters at the beginning,
and get the spaces right around the dollar signs.
#log
#next
9.1b 10
9.2a 5
dL9.1b E #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
You sometimes have to make explicit what you
mean when you say "bar", by putting in braces
to enclose the parts that you want the bar
to be over.
For example, what has to be done to make
the output
.EQ
{x sub i} bar
.EN
Find out (by putting braces in the right place
if necessary) in the file "Example", then
type "ready" after you have successfully modified it.
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
.EQ
{x sub i} bar
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
.EQ
x sub i bar
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
10.1a 10
9.2b 5
L9.2a E #once #create message
.ND
.tr %$
.EQ
delim $$
.EN
.LP
Modify "Example" to produce output that looks like this,
then type "ready".
.pl 1
#once #create Ref
.LP
.EQ
x bar ~=~ E(x) bar ~/~ E( x bar )
.EN
.pl 1
#once #create Example
.LP
.EQ
xxxx
.EN
.pl 1
#
#once neqn Ref | nroff >X1 &
#once neqn message Ref | nroff -T$term %s/tinyms -
#user
neqn Example | nroff >X2
#cmp X1 X2
#log
#next
9.1b 10
L9.2b #print
Which equation prints a longer bar?
xyz sub i bar
or
x yz sub i bar
Type "answer N", where N is 1 if it's
the first one, 2 if it's the second, and
0 if they are the same length.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match 0
#log
#next
10.1a 10
9.3b 5
nL9.3b #print
Does
ax bar
produce the same output as
a x bar
Answer yes or no.
#copyin
#user
#uncopyin
#match no
#log
#next
10.1a 10
tinyms ǰ .\" short set of macros to simulate behavior of
.\" most common -ms macros:
.\" .PP, .LP, .EQ, .EN
.\"
.de PP
.br
.sp
.ll 60n
.fi
.ti +5n
..
.de LP
.br
.sp
.ll 60n
.fi
..
.de EQ
.sp
.ce
..
.de EN
.sp
..
sInit Q if test x$term != x
then
true
exit
fi
echo 'I need to know what kind of terminal you are using.
I will put you out of learn. Type these two commands
term=xxx (where xxx is one of 300, 300S, 450, etc.)
(with no spaces!)
export term
Then type "learn eqn" again.'
false
f