eL0 Z #next 0.1a 10 L0.1a #print In the basic files course you learned about the "ls" command for listing the names of files in the current directory. You will now learn some of the extra abilities of "ls". UNIX maintains a lot more information about a file than just its name; this extra information includes the size of the file, the date and time it was last changed, the owner, and scattered other miscellany. To see this "long" list of information, use the command "ls -l". (That's an "ell", not a "one".) The "-l" is called an "optional argument", since it may or may not be present. To begin, try just "ls -l", then type "ready". #create junk this is garbage #copyin #user #uncopyin #match ls -l #log #next 0.1b 10 aL0.1b F #print When you ask for "ls -l", the first line, which says "total N", is a measure of how much file space is used by the files in this directory. The part of the listing that says something like "-rw-rw-r--" tells you the read and write permissions for the file -- in effect, who can do what to it. The second field is the number of "links" to the file. We won't worry about these two right now. The name in the third field is the owner of the file. The fourth field is the size of the file in characters, which is often interesting. The rest of the listing is the date and time the file was last changed, and its name. What is the largest file in this directory? (Don't use the previous list - I've changed things.) Type "answer name", where "name" is the name of the largest file. #create big stuff #create biggest not really #create X1 morestuf #create m moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore moremore #copyin #user #uncopyin #match m #bad biggest You didn't look at the sizes, did you? #bad big You didn't look at the sizes, did you? #log #next 0.1c 10 mL0.1c ǽ ##print How many characters are there in the file whose name begins with "r"? Type "answer N", where N is the number of characters you found. #create ref hello world #create Ref hello #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 12 #bad 6 "R" is not___ the same as "r". Look again. #log #next 0.1d 10 uL0.1d #print Is the file "ref" bigger than the file "ref1"? Answer yes or no. #create ref now is the time. #create ref1 now is the time for all good men. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match no #log #next 0.1e 10 cL0.1e #print The list of file names from "ls" can also be obtained sorted by the date the file was most recently changed, with the newest files listed first. This list is obtained by typing "ls -t". What is the oldest file in this directory? Type "answer name", where "name" is the oldest file. #create X1 stuff #create X2 stuff #create X3 stuff # #copyin #user #uncopyin ls -t | tail -1 >X1 tail -1 .copy >test #cmp X1 test #log #next 0.1f 10 L0.1f #print You can combine the optional arguments to "ls"; for example you can get the "long" list sorted by time of last change by saying ls -lt Try that, then type "ready". #copyin #user #uncopyin #match ls -lt #log #next 0.1g 10 L0.1g ~ #print Is "ls -tl" identical to "ls -lt"? Try it, then type yes or no. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match yes #log #next 1.1a 10 L1.1a h1#print One of the more useful programs on Unix is "spell", which looks for spelling mistakes in a set of files. Although spell is not perfect, it does a reasonable job of presenting you with a list of possibilities. To look for mistakes in a set of files, you simply say spell filenames and of course you can use shorthands like *, ? and [] to name the files. For practice, there are some files whose names begin with "memo" in this directory; somewhere in one of them is a legitimate spelling mistake. Use spell to find it, then type "answer word", where "word" is the mistake. Spell may also output a number of words that aren't mistakes; you may have to select real errors from the false ones. By the way, spell takes a minute to run; go get a cup of coffee or something while you wait. #create memo1 (This comes from a federalist paper by alexander hamilton.) It has been mentioned as one of the advantages to be expected from the cooperation of the Senate, in the business of appointments, that it would contribute to the stability of the administration. The consent of that body would be necessary to displace as well as to appoint. A change of the Chief Magistrate, therefore, would not occasion so violent or so general a revolution in the officers of the government as might be expected if he were the sole disposer of offices. Where a man in any station had given satisfactory evidence of his fitness for it, a new President would be restrained from attempting a change in favor of a person more agreeable to him by the apprehension that a discountenance of the Senate might frustrate the attempt, and bring some degree of discredit upon himself. Those who can best estimate the value of a steady administration will be most disposed to prize a provision which connects the official existence of public men with the approbation or disapprobation of that body which, from the greater permanency of its own composition, will in all probability be less subject to inconstancy than any other member of the government. To this union of the Senate with the President, in the article of appointments, it has in some cases been suggested that it would serve to give the President an undue influence over the Senate, and in others that it would have an opposite tendency - a strong proof that neither suggestion is true. To state the first in its proper form is to refute it. It amounts to this: the President would have an improper influence over the Senate, because the Senate would have the power of restraining him. This is an absurdity in terms. It cannot admit of a doubt that the entire power of appointment would enable him much more effectually to establish a dangerous empire over that body than a mere power of nomination subject to their control. Let us take a view of the converse of the proposition: "the Senate would influence the executive." As I have had occasion to remark in several other instances, the indistinctness of the objection forbids a precise answer. In what manner is this influence to be exerted? In relation to what objects? The power of influencing a person, in the sense in which it is here used, must imply a power of conferring a benefit upon him. How could the Senate confer a benefit upon the President by the manner of employing their right of negative upon his nominations? If it be said they might sometimes gratify him by an acquiescence in a favorite choice, when public motives might dictate a different conduct, I answer that the instances in which the President could be personally interested in the result would be too few to admit of his being materially affected by the #create memo2 compliances of the Senate. Besides this, it is evident that the POWER which can originate the disposition of honors and emoluments is more likely to attract than to be attracted by the POWER which can merely obstruct their course. If by influencing the President be want restraining him, this is precisely what must have been intended. And it has been shown that the restraint would be salutary, at the same time that it would not be such as to destroy a single advantage to be looked for from the uncontrolled agency of that magistrate. The right of nomination would produce all the good, without the ill. Upon a comparison of the plan for the appointment of the officers of the proposed government with that which is established by the constitution of this State, a decided preference must be given to the former. In that plan the power of nomination is unequivocally vested in the executive. And as there would be a necessity for submitting each nomination to the judgment of an entire branch of the legislature, the circumstances attending an appointment, from the mode of conducting it, would naturally become matters of notoriety, and the public would be at no loss to determine what part had been performed by the different actors. The blame of a bad nomination would fall upon the President singly and absolutely. The censure of rejecting a good one would lie entirely at the door of the senate, aggravated by the consideration of their having counteracted the good intentions of the executive. If an ill appointment should be made, the executive, for nominating, and the Senate, for approving, would participate, though in different degrees, in the opprobrium and disgrace. The reverse of all this characterizes the manner of appointment in this State. The council of appointment consists of from three to five persons, of whom the governor is always one. This small body, shut up in a private apartment, impenetrable to the public eye, proceed to the execution of the trust committed to them. It is known that the governor claims the right of nomination upon the strength of some ambiguous expressions in the Constitution; but it is not known to what extent, or in what manner he exercises it; nor upon what occasions he is contradicted or opposed. The censure of a bad appointment, on account of the uncertainty of its author and for want of a determinate object, has neither poignancy nor duration. And while an unbounded field for cabal and intrigue lies open, all idea of responsibility is lost. The most that the public can know is that the governor claims the right of nomination; that two out of the inconsiderable number of four men can too often be managed without much difficulty; that if some of the members of a #create memo3 particular council should happen to be of an uncomplying character, it is frequently not impossible to get rid of their opposition by regulating the times of meeting in such a manner as to render their attendance inconvenient; and that from whatever cause it may proceed, a great number of very improper appointments are from time to time made. Whether a governor of this State avails himself of the ascendant, he must necessarily have in this delicate and important part of the administration to prefer to offices men who are best qualified for them; or whether he prostitutes that advantage to the advancement of persons whose chief merit is their implicit devotion to his will and to the support of a despicable and dangerous system of personal influence are questions which, unfortunately for the community, can only be the subjects of speculation and conjecture. Every mere council of appointment, however constituted, will be a conclave in which cabal and intrigue will have their full scope. Their number, without an unwarrantable increase of expense, cannot be large enough to preclude a facility of combination. And as each member will have his friends and connections to provide for, the desire of mutual gratification will beget a scandalous bartering of votes and bargaining for places. The private attachments of one man might easily be satisfied, but to satisfy the private attachments of a dozen, or of twenty men, would occasion a monopoly of all the principal employments of the government in a few families and would lead more directly to an aristocracy or an oligarchy than any measure that could be contrived. If, to avoid an accumulation of offices, there was to be a frequent change in the persons who were to be a frequent change in the persons who were to compose the council, this would involve the mischiefs of a mutable administration in their full extent. Such a council would also be more liable to executive influence than the Senate, because they would be fewer in number, and would act less immediately under the public inspection. Such a council, in fine, as a substitute for the plan of the convention, would be productive of an increase of expense, a multiplication of the evils which spring from favoritism and intrigue in the distribution of public honors, a decrease of stability in the administration of the government, and a diminution of the security against an undue influence of the executive. And yet such a council has been warmly contended for as an essential amendment in the proposed Constitution. I could not with propriety conclude my observations on the subject of appointments without taking notice of a scheme for which there have appeared some, though #create memo4 but a few advocates; I mean that of uniting the House of Representatives in the power of making them. I shall, however, do little more than mention it, as I cannot imagine that it is likely to gain the countenance of any considerable part of the community. A body so fluctuating and at the same time so numerous can never be deemed proper for the exercise of that power. Its unfitness will appear manifest to all when it is recollected that in half a century it may consist of three or four hundred persons. All the advantages of the stability, both of the Executive and of the Senate, would be defeated by this union, and infinite delays and embarrassments would be occasioned. The exampled of most of the States in their local constitutions encourages us to reprobate the idea. The only remaining powers of the executive are comprehended in giving information to Congress of the state of the Union; in recommending to their consideration such measures as he shall judge expedient; in convening them, or either branch, upon extraordinary occasions; in adjourning them when they cannot themselves agree upon the time of adjournment; in receiving ambassadors and other public ministers; in faithfully executing the laws; and in commissioning all the officers of the United States. Except some cavils about the power of convening either house of the legislature, and that of receiving ambassadors, no objection has been made to this class of authorities; nor could they possibly admit of any. It required, indeed, an insatiable avidity for censure to invent exceptions to the parts which have been excepted to. In regard to the power of convening either house of the legislature I shall barely remark that in respect to the Senate, at least, we can readily discover a good reason for it. As this body has a concurrent power with the executive in the article of treaties, it might often be necessary to call it together with a view to this object, when it would be unnecessary and improper to convene the House of Representatives. As to the reception of ambassadors, what I have said in a former paper will furnish a sufficient answer. We have now completed a survy of the structure and powers of the executive department which, I have endeavored to show, combines, as far as republican principles will admit, all the requisites to energy. The remaining inquiry is: does it also combine the requisites to safety, in the republican sense - due dependence on the people, a due responsibility? The answer to this question has been anticipated in the investigation of its other characteristics, and is satisfactorily deducible from these circumstances; the election of the President once in four years by persons immediately chosen by the people for that purpose, and his being at all times liable to impeachment, trial, dismission from office, incapacity to serve in any other, and to the forfeiture of life and estate by subsequent prosecution in the common course of law. But these precautions, great as they are, are not the only ones which the plan of the convention has provided in favor of the public security. In the only instances in which the abuse of the executive authority was materially to be feared, the chief Magistrate of the United States, would, by that plan, be subjected to the control of a branch of the legislative body. What more can an enlightened and reasonable people desire? #copyin #user #uncopyin #match survy #log #next 1.1b 10 L1.1b D 1#print Now that you know what word is wrong, you still have to find it in one of the memo files so you can correct it. One way is to use the text editor "ed", but that is rather slow. Better is to use the pattern-finding program "grep", which looks through a set of files to find a particular word. To find all occurrences of "glop" in the files tom, dick and harry, you need only type grep 'glop' tom dick harry The first thing is the word that grep is to search for; any remaining names are file names, which are searched in order. The quotes around the word to be searched for aren't always necessary, but it's a good habit to use them anyway. Later on we'll see some examples where they are really needed. Use grep to find the memo file that contains the spelling error, and type "answer name", where "name" is the file you decide on. #create memo1 (This comes from a federalist paper by alexander hamilton.) It has been mentioned as one of the advantages to be expected from the cooperation of the Senate, in the business of appointments, that it would contribute to the stability of the administration. The consent of that body would be necessary to displace as well as to appoint. A change of the Chief Magistrate, therefore, would not occasion so violent or so general a revolution in the officers of the government as might be expected if he were the sole disposer of offices. Where a man in any station had given satisfactory evidence of his fitness for it, a new President would be restrained from attempting a change in favor of a person more agreeable to him by the apprehension that a discountenance of the Senate might frustrate the attempt, and bring some degree of discredit upon himself. Those who can best estimate the value of a steady administration will be most disposed to prize a provision which connects the official existence of public men with the approbation or disapprobation of that body which, from the greater permanency of its own composition, will in all probability be less subject to inconstancy than any other member of the government. To this union of the Senate with the President, in the article of appointments, it has in some cases been suggested that it would serve to give the President an undue influence over the Senate, and in others that it would have an opposite tendency - a strong proof that neither suggestion is true. To state the first in its proper form is to refute it. It amounts to this: the President would have an improper influence over the Senate, because the Senate would have the power of restraining him. This is an absurdity in terms. It cannot admit of a doubt that the entire power of appointment would enable him much more effectually to establish a dangerous empire over that body than a mere power of nomination subject to their control. Let us take a view of the converse of the proposition: "the Senate would influence the executive." As I have had occasion to remark in several other instances, the indistinctness of the objection forbids a precise answer. In what manner is this influence to be exerted? In relation to what objects? The power of influencing a person, in the sense in which it is here used, must imply a power of conferring a benefit upon him. How could the Senate confer a benefit upon the President by the manner of employing their right of negative upon his nominations? If it be said they might sometimes gratify him by an acquiescence in a favorite choice, when public motives might dictate a different conduct, I answer that the instances in which the President could be personally interested in the result would be too few to admit of his being materially affected by the #create memo2 compliances of the Senate. Besides this, it is evident that the POWER which can originate the disposition of honors and emoluments is more likely to attract than to be attracted by the POWER which can merely obstruct their course. If by influencing the President be want restraining him, this is precisely what must have been intended. And it has been shown that the restraint would be salutary, at the same time that it would not be such as to destroy a single advantage to be looked for from the uncontrolled agency of that magistrate. The right of nomination would produce all the good, without the ill. Upon a comparison of the plan for the appointment of the officers of the proposed government with that which is established by the constitution of this State, a decided preference must be given to the former. In that plan the power of nomination is unequivocally vested in the executive. And as there would be a necessity for submitting each nomination to the judgment of an entire branch of the legislature, the circumstances attending an appointment, from the mode of conducting it, would naturally become matters of notoriety, and the public would be at no loss to determine what part had been performed by the different actors. The blame of a bad nomination would fall upon the President singly and absolutely. The censure of rejecting a good one would lie entirely at the door of the senate, aggravated by the consideration of their having counteracted the good intentions of the executive. If an ill appointment should be made, the executive, for nominating, and the Senate, for approving, would participate, though in different degrees, in the opprobrium and disgrace. The reverse of all this characterizes the manner of appointment in this State. The council of appointment consists of from three to five persons, of whom the governor is always one. This small body, shut up in a private apartment, impenetrable to the public eye, proceed to the execution of the trust committed to them. It is known that the governor claims the right of nomination upon the strength of some ambiguous expressions in the Constitution; but it is not known to what extent, or in what manner he exercises it; nor upon what occasions he is contradicted or opposed. The censure of a bad appointment, on account of the uncertainty of its author and for want of a determinate object, has neither poignancy nor duration. And while an unbounded field for cabal and intrigue lies open, all idea of responsibility is lost. The most that the public can know is that the governor claims the right of nomination; that two out of the inconsiderable number of four men can too often be managed without much difficulty; that if some of the members of a #create memo3 particular council should happen to be of an uncomplying character, it is frequently not impossible to get rid of their opposition by regulating the times of meeting in such a manner as to render their attendance inconvenient; and that from whatever cause it may proceed, a great number of very improper appointments are from time to time made. Whether a governor of this State avails himself of the ascendant, he must necessarily have in this delicate and important part of the administration to prefer to offices men who are best qualified for them; or whether he prostitutes that advantage to the advancement of persons whose chief merit is their implicit devotion to his will and to the support of a despicable and dangerous system of personal influence are questions which, unfortunately for the community, can only be the subjects of speculation and conjecture. Every mere council of appointment, however constituted, will be a conclave in which cabal and intrigue will have their full scope. Their number, without an unwarrantable increase of expense, cannot be large enough to preclude a facility of combination. And as each member will have his friends and connections to provide for, the desire of mutual gratification will beget a scandalous bartering of votes and bargaining for places. The private attachments of one man might easily be satisfied, but to satisfy the private attachments of a dozen, or of twenty men, would occasion a monopoly of all the principal employments of the government in a few families and would lead more directly to an aristocracy or an oligarchy than any measure that could be contrived. If, to avoid an accumulation of offices, there was to be a frequent change in the persons who were to be a frequent change in the persons who were to compose the council, this would involve the mischiefs of a mutable administration in their full extent. Such a council would also be more liable to executive influence than the Senate, because they would be fewer in number, and would act less immediately under the public inspection. Such a council, in fine, as a substitute for the plan of the convention, would be productive of an increase of expense, a multiplication of the evils which spring from favoritism and intrigue in the distribution of public honors, a decrease of stability in the administration of the government, and a diminution of the security against an undue influence of the executive. And yet such a council has been warmly contended for as an essential amendment in the proposed Constitution. I could not with propriety conclude my observations on the subject of appointments without taking notice of a scheme for which there have appeared some, though #create memo4 but a few advocates; I mean that of uniting the House of Representatives in the power of making them. I shall, however, do little more than mention it, as I cannot imagine that it is likely to gain the countenance of any considerable part of the community. A body so fluctuating and at the same time so numerous can never be deemed proper for the exercise of that power. Its unfitness will appear manifest to all when it is recollected that in half a century it may consist of three or four hundred persons. All the advantages of the stability, both of the Executive and of the Senate, would be defeated by this union, and infinite delays and embarrassments would be occasioned. The exampled of most of the States in their local constitutions encourages us to reprobate the idea. The only remaining powers of the executive are comprehended in giving information to Congress of the state of the Union; in recommending to their consideration such measures as he shall judge expedient; in convening them, or either branch, upon extraordinary occasions; in adjourning them when they cannot themselves agree upon the time of adjournment; in receiving ambassadors and other public ministers; in faithfully executing the laws; and in commissioning all the officers of the United States. Except some cavils about the power of convening either house of the legislature, and that of receiving ambassadors, no objection has been made to this class of authorities; nor could they possibly admit of any. It required, indeed, an insatiable avidity for censure to invent exceptions to the parts which have been excepted to. In regard to the power of convening either house of the legislature I shall barely remark that in respect to the Senate, at least, we can readily discover a good reason for it. As this body has a concurrent power with the executive in the article of treaties, it might often be necessary to call it together with a view to this object, when it would be unnecessary and improper to convene the House of Representatives. As to the reception of ambassadors, what I have said in a former paper will furnish a sufficient answer. We have now completed a survy of the structure and powers of the executive department which, I have endeavored to show, combines, as far as republican principles will admit, all the requisites to energy. The remaining inquiry is: does it also combine the requisites to safety, in the republican sense - due dependence on the people, a due responsibility? The answer to this question has been anticipated in the investigation of its other characteristics, and is satisfactorily deducible from these circumstances; the election of the President once in four years by persons immediately chosen by the people for that purpose, and his being at all times liable to impeachment, trial, dismission from office, incapacity to serve in any other, and to the forfeiture of life and estate by subsequent prosecution in the common course of law. But these precautions, great as they are, are not the only ones which the plan of the convention has provided in favor of the public security. In the only instances in which the abuse of the executive authority was materially to be feared, the chief Magistrate of the United States, would, by that plan, be subjected to the control of a branch of the legislative body. What more can an enlightened and reasonable people desire? #copyin #user #uncopyin #match memo4 #log #next 1.1c 10 hL1.1c 9 #print In this directory is a file named for an unsuccessful king. Read it and do what it tells you. #create Elizabeth1 1. She was not a king 2. She was generally successful #create George3 Does the file George3 contain a backspace character any where in it? Figure it out with grep, then type "answer N", where N is the line number where you found it. Type "answer 0" if there is no backspace. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 2 #log #next 1.1d 10 aL1.1d po #print Suppose you want to print all lines in the file "memo" that contain a question mark "?". Since the question mark is an abbreviation character (as in "ls ?"), you have to make sure that the command interpreter doesn't try to interpret it, but instead passes it to "grep" as a literal question mark. The way to do this is simply to enclose it in quotes, as in grep '?' files... Use "grep" to find all the lines with question marks, then type "ready". #create memo (This comes from a federalist paper by alexander hamilton.) It has been mentioned as one of the advantages to be expected from the cooperation of the Senate, in the business of appointments, that it would contribute to the stability of the administration. The consent of that body would be necessary to displace as well as to appoint. A change of the Chief Magistrate, therefore, would not occasion so violent or so general a revolution in the officers of the government as might be expected if he were the sole disposer of offices. Where a man in any station had given satisfactory evidence of his fitness for it, a new President would be restrained from attempting a change in favor of a person more agreeable to him by the apprehension that a discountenance of the Senate might frustrate the attempt, and bring some degree of discredit upon himself. Those who can best estimate the value of a steady administration will be most disposed to prize a provision which connects the official existence of public men with the approbation or disapprobation of that body which, from the greater permanency of its own composition, will in all probability be less subject to inconstancy than any other member of the government. To this union of the Senate with the President, in the article of appointments, it has in some cases been suggested that it would serve to give the President an undue influence over the Senate, and in others that it would have an opposite tendency - a strong proof that neither suggestion is true. To state the first in its proper form is to refute it. It amounts to this: the President would have an improper influence over the Senate, because the Senate would have the power of restraining him. This is an absurdity in terms. It cannot admit of a doubt that the entire power of appointment would enable him much more effectually to establish a dangerous empire over that body than a mere power of nomination subject to their control. Let us take a view of the converse of the proposition: "the Senate would influence the executive." As I have had occasion to remark in several other instances, the indistinctness of the objection forbids a precise answer. In what manner is this influence to be exerted? In relation to what objects? The power of influencing a person, in the sense in which it is here used, must imply a power of conferring a benefit upon him. How could the Senate confer a benefit upon the President by the manner of employing their right of negative upon his nominations? If it be said they might sometimes gratify him by an acquiescence in a favorite choice, when public motives might dictate a different conduct, I answer that the instances in which the President could be personally interested in the result would be too few to admit of his being materially affected by the #create Ref what manner is this influence to be exerted? In relation to what objects? The power of influencing a person, in their right of negative upon his nominations? If it #create 1 #create x #copyout #user #uncopyout tail -3 .ocopy >X1 #cmp X1 Ref #log #next 2.1a 10 L2.1a p #print Most of the programs we have studied so far produce their output on the terminal -- examples are "ls", "spell", "grep", "date", "who", and so on. (Of course, some do not, like "mv", "cp", and "rm".) In any case, it is sometimes useful to be able to capture the output of a program in a file, so it can be used in some later processing. This is very easy. For example, to get the current date and time in a file called "now", you need only type date >now The symbol ">" tells the command interpreter that output is to go into the file whose name follows. If the file already exists, its old contents will be clobbered, so use discretion. Your task is to make a list of the files in this directory in the file "foo". When you have finished, type "ready". #create X1 #create junk #create glop #create junk1 asdfadfaf #create junk2 qerqerqrq #user ls >X1 #cmp X1 foo #log #next 2.1b 10 eL2.1b #print Now make a list of the files in this directory whose names begin with "t" in the file "foo". Type "ready" when you are done. #create X1 #create foo #create this #create Ref that theother this #create that #create theother #user #cmp foo Ref #log #next 2.1c 10 1L2.1c B V#print This time you have to get a list of the files whose names begin with "memo", but sorted in order of last change, most recent first, as produced by "ls -t". Get the list in file "gorp", then type "ready". #create memo1 first line #create memo3 third line #create memo2 second line #user ls -t memo* >X1 #cmp X1 gorp #log #next 2.1d 10 L2.1d #print If you type "ls >list", does the name "list" appear in the file called "list"? Figure it out, then type yes or no. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match yes #log #next 2.1e 10 iL2.1e #print If you make a mistake and type something like xxxxx >precious where "xxxxx" is not___ the name of a legal UNIX command, what happens to the file "precious"? In this directory, there are several precious files. Experiment to see what happens. When you have decided, type "answer harmless" if nothing happens to the files, or "answer disaster" if the file is clobbered. #create precious I am precious. #create precious1 So am I. #create precious2 Me too. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match disaster #log #next 2.1f 10 eL2.1f } +#print Obtain a long listing (with "ls -l") of all files in this directory whose names begin with capital letters, in a file called "names". Type "ready" when you're done. #create STUFF #create Nonsense this is junk #create abc #create def # ls -l [A-Z]* >x1 #user #cmp x1 names #log #next 3.1a 10 lL3.1a %#print The notation ">" can be used by most programs to capture output on a file. For example, cat henry >james makes a copy of "henry" in the file "james"; in fact this is essentially identical to cp henry james "cat" is a bit more flexible, though, since you can concatenate several files onto one output. Remember that cat tom dick harry copies all three files onto the terminal? In this directory is a file named "john". Make a file called "mary" that contains ___two copies of "john". Type "ready" when you're done. #create john Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party #create X1 Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their party #user #cmp X1 mary #log #next 3.1b 10 rL3.1b D #print How many spelling mistakes are there in the file "Ref", according to "spell"? Type "answer N", where N is the number you decide on. #create Ref Bianchi Blue Feldman McIlroy Roome Rosin Rosler Aho Bourne Dvorak Haley Harris Holt Johnson Mashey Mitze Muha Nelson Pinson Plauger Spivack Thompson Weinberger Lesk Ossanna # spell Ref | %s/../lcount >X2 & #copyin #user #uncopyin tail -1 .copy >X1 #cmp X2 X1 #log #next 3.1c 10 nL3.1c #print So far the only printing program we have seen is "cat", which just copies one or more files onto the terminal (or perhaps onto a file when used with ">"). The next step up is the program "pr", which prints files so that each file begins on a new page, and the top of each page contains the date and time the file was changed, and a running page number. Use a single "pr" to print the two files in this directory whose names begin with "fed". What page number is printed on the last page? Type "answer N" where N is the page number. #create fed1 After an unequivocal experience of the inefficacy of the subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America. The subject speaks its own importance; comprehending in its consequences nothing less than the existence of the union, the safety and welfare of the parts of which it is composed, the fate of an empire in many respects the most interesting in the world. #create fed2 It has been frequently remarked that it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force. If there be any truth in the remark, the crisis at which we are arrived may with propriety be regarded as the era in which that decision is to be made; and a wrong election of the part we shall act may, in this view, deserve to be considered as the general misfortune of mankind. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 1 #log #next 3.1d L3.1d 1{ #print The pr command has a number of other capabilities besides simple printing of files. Probably the most useful is that it can do multi-column printing. This is controlled by an optional argument: pr -3 filenames will print in 3-column format, and pr -5 filenames prints in five columns. You can use any number in place of 3 and 5, although as you get more columns they become narrower so things will fit. Notice that the optional argument comes ______before the files names. In this directory there is a list of words. Find the list, print it in two columns, and find out what word appears at the top of the second column. Type "answer WORD", where WORD is the word you decide on. #create wordlist a aardvark aardwolf Aaron Aaronic Ab aba abaca abaci aback abacus abacuses abaft abalone abandon abandoned abandoner abandonment abase abasement abash abashment abate abatement abater abatis abatises abattoir abaxial abbacy Abbasid abbatial abbe' abbess Abbevillian abbey abbot abbreviate abbreviation abbreviator Abby Abc Abcs Abc's abdicable abdicate abdication abdicator abdomen abdominal abdominally abdominous abduce abducent abduct abduction abductor abeam abecedarian abed Abel abele abelmosk aberrance aberrancy aberrant aberrantly aberration aberrational abet abetment abetted abetter abetting abettor abeyance abeyant abhominable abhor abhorred abhorrence abhorrent abhorrently abhorrer abhorring Abib abidance abide abided abider abiding Abigail abigail ability abiogeneses abiogenesis abiogenetic abiogenetical abiogenetically abiogenist #copyin #user #uncopyin #create script /^a/s/.* // .w X1 w q # pr -2 wordlist >foo ed - foo <script tail -1 .copy >X2 #cmp X1 X2 #log #next 3.1e 10 bL3.1e V {#print Of course you can collect the output from "pr" in a file, just as you can with "cat". For practice, there are several files in this directory whose names begin with "word". Prepare a list (with "pr", one file per page) of these files in the file "neat". Type "ready" when you have finished. #create word1 a aard-vark aard-wolf Aar-on Aa-ron-ic Ab aba ab-a-ca aba-ci aback aba-cus aba-cus-es abaft ab-a-lo-ne aban-don aban-doned aban-don-er aban-don-ment abase abase-ment abash abash-ment abate abate-ment abat-er ab-a-tis ab-a-tis-es ab-at-toir ab-ax-i-al ab-ba-cy #create word2 Ab-bas-id ab-ba-tial ab-be' ab-bess Abbe-vil-li-an ab-bey ab-bot ab-bre-vi-ate ab-bre-vi-a-tion ab-bre-vi-a-tor Abby Abc Abcs Abc's ab-di-ca-ble ab-di-cate ab-di-ca-tion ab-di-ca-tor ab-do-men ab-dom-i-nal ab-dom-i-nal-ly ab-dom-i-nous ab-duce ab-du-cent ab-duct ab-duc-tion ab-duc-tor abeam abe-ce-dar-i-an abed #create word3 Abel abele abel-mosk ab-er-rance ab-er-ran-cy ab-er-rant ab-er-rant-ly ab-er-ra-tion ab-er-ra-tion-al abet abet-ment abet-ted abet-ter abet-ting abet-tor abey-ance abey-ant abhominable ab-hor ab-horred ab-hor-rence ab-hor-rent ab-hor-rent-ly ab-hor-rer ab-hor-ring Abib abid-ance abide abid-ed abid-er abid-ing Abigail ab-i-gail abil-i-ty abio-gen-e-ses abio-gen-e-sis abio-ge-net-ic abio-ge-net-i-cal abio-ge-net-i-cal-ly abi-og-e-nist #user pr word* >X1 #cmp X1 neat #log #next 3.1f 10 iL3.1f } )#print In this directory there are two files whose names begin with "r". Copy them onto a new file called "combine". Type "ready" when you're done. #create ref Now is the tuime #create ref1 for all good men #create X1 Now is the tuime for all good men #user #cmp X1 combine #log #next 3.1g 10 -L3.1g b| #print This exercise combines several things you've learned already. In this directory is a file containing a list of words. Collect all of the words that contain "ly" into a file called "lywords". (What program does that?) Then use "pr" to make another file called "neatly" that contains the list of words printed in one column. Type "ready" when you have made both files. #create words ampersand amphetamine amphiarthrosis amphibia amphibian amphibiotic amphibious amphibiously amphibiousness amphibole amphibolite amphibolitic amphibology amphibrach amphibrachic amphictyonic amphictyony amphidiploid amphidiploidy amphimacer amphimictic amphimictically amphimixis Amphion amphioxus amphiploid amphiploidy amphipod amphiprostyle amphiprostyle amphisbaena amphisbaenic amphistylar amphitheater amphitheatric amphitheatrical amphitheatrically Amphitrite amphitropous Amphitryon amphora amphorae amphoras amphoteric ample ampleness amplexicaul amplidyne amplification amplifier amplify amplitude amply ampoule ampul ampulla ampullae ampullar amputate amputation amputator amputee amtrac amtrack amuck amulet amuse amusement amuser amusing amusingly amusive Amy amygdalin amygdaloid amygdaloidal amyl amylaceous amylase amyloid amyloidal amylolysis amylolytic amylopsin amylose amylum amyotonia an an' ana an'a anabaptism Anabaptist anabases anabasis anabatic anabiosis anabiotic anabolic anabolism anabolite anabolitic anachronic anachronism anachronistic anachronistically anachronous anachronously anaclitic anacolutha anacoluthic anacoluthically anacoluthon anacoluthons anaconda Anacreontic anacreontic anacrusis anaculture anadem anadiplosis anadromous anaemia anaerobe anaerobic anaerobically anaesthesia anaesthetic anaglyph anaglyphic anagoge anagogic anagogical anagogically anagogy anagram anagrammatic anagrammatical anagrammatically anagrammatize anagrammed anagramming anal analcime analcite analects analemma analeptic analgesia analgesic analgetic #user grep ly words >X1 pr lywords >X2 cmp -s X1 lywords && cmp -s X2 neatly #log #next 4.1a 10 L4.1a m#print You have already had some practice in using ">" to capture the output of a program. In much the same way, it is possible to arrange for a program to take its input not from the terminal but from a file. Most UNIX programs are written so that they will read either the terminal or from a list of filenames. To have a program read from a file instead of the terminal, use the "<", like this: pr <file As a simple experiment, determine if pr <file is absolutely identical to pr file Answer yes or no. #create junk you can use this file to play with. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match no #log #next 4.1b 10 4.2a 5 wL4.1b _#print Is there a difference between grep the memo[12] and cat memo[12] >temp grep the <temp Answer yes or no. If you want to experiment, there are two files named "memo1" and "memo2" in this directory. #create memo1 There is not room enough in the leaves to hold all the food that plants make. Much of the food has to be stored in other parts of the plant. We eat the parts of plants where the most food is stored. The carrot plant stores food in its roots. We eat the roots of carrots. The celery plant stores food in its leaf stalks. They are the parts we eat. Many kinds of plants store food in their fruits. We eat the fruits of these plants to get the stored food in them. Some kinds of plants have ways of protecting their stored food. #create memo2 Goldfish grow very slowly in an aquarium. They grow so slowly that it is hard to know that they grow at all. If they are kept outdoors in a pool, they grow much faster and they grow much larger, too. Sometimes they grow to be more than a foot long in an outdoor pool. When goldfish are kept in an aquarium they often do not live very long. Sometimes they die in a few weeks, but they may live as long as ten years. Some people have kept goldfish in an outdoor pool for thirty years. There are many different colors of goldfish. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match yes #log #next 4.1c 10 L4.1c q e#print There are two files called "story1" and "story2" in this directory. Collect the outputs of grep the story[12] and cat story[12] >temp grep the <temp on two files called "the1" and "the2". Then run "diff" on "the1" and "the2", and collect the differences on a file called "difference". Type "ready" when you have finished all of this. #create story1 Some animals have six feet. These animals are insects. Insects are little animals. Insects creep with their six feet. Many insects have wings, too. Ants are insects. Many ants live together. They live in ant hills. Many ants travel together. Ants creep on their six feet. Ants creep fast. They creep around on the ground. They creep in and out of ant hills. They creep up and down plants. They creep into houses. Some ants have wings. They do not have wings all the time. They grow wings to fly away. They fly away to find new homes. Then they lose their wings. #create story2 "Will there be baby robins soon?" asked Bill. "We will see," said Miss Fox. Joan said, "we have looked and looked. I think there will be no baby birds." Barbara said, "It takes many days. The eggs need to be warm all the time. The mother bird warms them." Bill said, "The father bird helps, too." Joan said, "I guess I did not think. There may be baby birds after all." One day Carl called, "Come and look. I see four baby birds in the nest." All the children ran to look. "But they are not pretty," Joan said. Bill said, "Joan is right." #user cat story[12] >X1 grep the <X1 >X2 grep the story[12] >X1 diff X1 X2 >X3 #cmp X3 difference #log #next 4.1d 10 bL4.1d y #print Unix has several rather simple programs that are useful in their own right and as building blocks in more complicated operations. One of the most frequently used is "wc", which counts lines, words, and characters in files. If you say wc file or wc <file wc will print three numbers: the number of lines, words and characters in the file. (Some systems have an obsolete version of "wc" that doesn't count the characters.) If there is more than one file, as in wc file1 file2 file3 file4 then wc will list the counts for each file separately, and the total. What is the total number of words in the two files whose names begin with "memo"? Type "answer N", where N is the number of words. #create memo1 It has been mentioned as one of the advantages to be expected from the cooperation of the Senate, in the business of appointments, that it would contribute to the stability of the administration. The consent of that body would be necessary to displace as well as to appoint. A change of the Chief Magistrate, therefore, would not occasion so violent or so general a revolution in the officers of the government as might be expected if he were the sole disposer of offices. Where a man in any station had given satisfactory evidence of his fitness for it, a new President would be restrained from attempting a change in favor of a person more agreeable to him by the apprehension that a discountenance of the Senate might frustrate the attempt, and bring some degree of discredit upon himself. Those who can best estimate the value of a steady administration will be most disposed to prize a provision which connects the official existence of public men with the approbation or disapprobation of that body which, from the greater permanency of its own composition, will in all probability be less subject to inconstancy than any other member of the government. To this union of the Senate with the President, in the article of appointments, it has in some cases been suggested that it would serve to give the President an undue influence over the Senate, and in others that it would have an opposite tendency - a strong proof that neither suggestion is true. To state the first in its proper form is to refute it. It amounts to this: the President would have an improper influence over the Senate, because the Senate would have the power of restraining him. This is an absurdity in terms. It cannot admit of a doubt that the entire power of appointment would enable him much more effectually to establish a dangerous empire over that body than a mere power of nomination subject to their control. Let us take a view of the converse of the proposition: "the Senate would influence the executive." As I have had occasion to remark in several other instances, the indistinctness of the objection forbids a precise answer. In what manner is this influence to be exerted? In relation to what objects? The power of influencing a person, in the sense in which it is here used, must imply a power of conferring a benefit upon him. How could the Senate confer a benefit upon the President by the manner of employing their right of negative upon his nominations? If it be said they might sometimes gratify him by an acquiescence in a favorite choice, when public motives might dictate a different conduct, I answer that the instances in which the President could be personally interested in the result would be too few to admit of his being materially affected by the #create memo2 compliances of the Senate. Besides this, it is evident that the POWER which can originate the disposition of honors and emoluments is more likely to attract than to be attracted by the POWER which can merely obstruct their course. If by influencing the President be want restraining him, this is precisely what must have been intended. And it has been shown that the restraint would be salutary, at the same time that it would not be such as to destroy a single advantage to be looked for from the uncontrolled agency of that magistrate. The right of nomination would produce all the good, without the ill. Upon a comparison of the plan for the appointment of the officers of the proposed government with that which is established by the constitution of this State, a decided preference must be given to the former. In that plan the power of nomination is unequivocally vested in the executive. And as there would be a necessity for submitting each nomination to the judgment of an entire branch of the legislature, the circumstances attending an appointment, from the mode of conducting it, would naturally become matters of notoriety, and the public would be at no loss to determine what part had been performed by the different actors. The blame of a bad nomination would fall upon the President singly and absolutely. The censure of rejecting a good one would lie entirely at the door of the senate, aggravated by the consideration of their having counteracted the good intentions of the executive. If an ill appointment should be made, the executive, for nominating, and the Senate, for approving, would participate, though in different degrees, in the opprobrium and disgrace. The reverse of all this characterizes the manner of appointment in this State. The council of appointment consists of from three to five persons, of whom the governor is always one. This small body, shut up in a private apartment, impenetrable to the public eye, proceed to the execution of the trust committed to them. It is known that the governor claims the right of nomination upon the strength of some ambiguous expressions in the Constitution; but it is not known to what extent, or in what manner he exercises it; nor upon what occasions he is contradicted or opposed. The censure of a bad appointment, on account of the uncertainty of its author and for want of a determinate object, has neither poignancy nor duration. And while an unbounded field for cabal and intrigue lies open, all idea of responsibility is lost. The most that the public can know is that the governor claims the right of nomination; that two out of the inconsiderable number of four men can too often be managed without much difficulty; that if some of the members of a #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 949 #log #next 4.1e 10 dL4.1e e#print How many lines total are there in the two files called "chema" and "chemb" in this directory? Use "wc". Type "answer N", where N is the total number of lines. #create chema The baker said, "Now I shall put just the right amounts of water and yeast with the flour that is in the mixer. Flour, water, and yeast together make the sponge. Making sponge is the first step in making bread." The baker closed the mixer. Inside the machine, the flour and yeast and water went around and around until they were well mixed. Then the baker opened the mixer and the sponge dropped into a greased tub called a trough. The baker pushed the trough into a warm room to let the sponge rise. It looked like dough, but it did not as yet have everything in it. #create chemb Wash the blackboard. Watch it dry. The water goes into the air. When water goes into the air it evaporates. Tie a damp cloth to one end of a stick. Tie a bottle to the other end. Put water in the bottle until the stick is level. Watch the stick for a few minutes. It does not stay level. Water goes into the air when it evaporates. It changes into water vapor. You cannot see water vapor, but it is in the air all around you. Cut a hole in the bottom of a cardboard box. Hold the box against a cold window and blow into the hole. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 21 #log #next 4.1f 10 eL4.1f #print Another useful command is "tail", which will print the last 10 lines of a file. This is handy when you want to see how far something got before it stopped, or what the last thing in a file is. To use "tail", all you need to say is tail file What is the first word on the next to last line of the file called "Ref" in this directory. Type "answer WORD", where WORD is the word you found. #create Ref Now Abraham Lincoln was master of the White House. But he was President of only part of the United States. For the Southern States has taken down the Star-Spangled Banner and raised the flag of the Confederacy in its stead. Sad and silent, Lincoln gazed through his spyglass at the Confederate flag that fluttered in the wind on the other side of the Potomac River in Virginia. He pondered how to get the Southern States back into the Union. He needed quiet to think what to do. But from morning till night the White House was crowded with people seeking his help. About a hundred and fifty years after the pilgrims settled in this country, a young hunter picked up his gun. He tossed it onto his shoulder and followed a buffalo trail across the mountains into what is now Kentucky. His name was Daniel Boone. He found wild country. There were no settlers, no roads. Indians hunted in the woods for food. The country was beautiful and dangerous. But here was rich, free land -- miles and miles of it. Many settlers, besides the Pilgrims, had come to the shores of America. But they had stayed on the safe land between the sea and the mountains. Columbus discovered America in 1492. Later, other explorers visited the new land. They told people in Europe of the forests, furs, and fish they found. Many Europeans decided to settle in this wonderful land. But some of the first settlers starved to death during the hard winters. Others lived to build settlements or colonies for their mother countries. Colonial America was beginning. In 1607, three ships brought men from England to what is now Jamestown, Virginia. They were looking for gold. The leader, Captain John Smith, taught the men to build houses of stakes and branches. They plastered the walls of the houses with mud. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match of #log #next 4.1g 10 L4.1g _ #print By default, "tail" prints the last 10 lines of its input. You can change this default amount by specifying a different amount as an optional argument. For example, tail -5 file prints the last 5 lines of "file". Collect the last line of the file "Ref" in a new file called "last". Type "ready" when you have finished. (By the way, there is a limit to how big the number can be, but it's usually at least 60 or 70 lines of normal text.) #create Ref About a hundred and fifty years after the pilgrims settled in Columbus discovered America in 1492. Later, other explorers He found wild country. There were no settlers, no roads. Indians His name was Daniel Boone. Many settlers, besides the Pilgrims, had come to the shores of Now Abraham Lincoln was master of the White House. But he was The leader, Captain John Smith, taught the men to build houses America. But they had stayed on the safe land between the sea and But here was rich, free land -- miles and miles of it. House was crowded with people seeking his help. President of only part of the United States. For the Southern States has taken down the Star-Spangled Banner and raised the flag beginning. In 1607, three ships brought men from England to what death during the hard winters. Others lived to build settlements furs, and fish they found. Many Europeans decided to settle in his shoulder and followed a buffalo trail across the mountains into how to get the Southern States back into the Union. He needed hunted in the woods for food. The country was beautiful and dangerous. is now Jamestown, Virginia. They were looking for gold. mud. of stakes and branches. They plastered the walls of the houses with of the Confederacy in its stead. Sad and silent, Lincoln gazed or colonies for their mother countries. Colonial America was quiet to think what to do. But from morning till night the White the mountains. this country, a young hunter picked up his gun. He tossed it onto this wonderful land. But some of the first settlers starved to through his spyglass at the Confederate flag that fluttered in the visited the new land. They told people in Europe of the forests, what is now Kentucky. wind on the other side of the Potomac River in Virginia. He pondered #create X1 wind on the other side of the Potomac River in Virginia. He pondered #user #cmp X1 last #log #next 5.1a 10 L4.2a #print Is the command cat <file identical to cat file Answer yes or no. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match yes #log #next 4.1b 10 L5.1a D K#print If you think back over some of the exercises you've done so far in this course, they have involved collecting the output of one program (like "cat" or "grep" or "ls") in a file, then using that file as the input to another program, like "pr" or "wc" or "grep". For example, you could use "ls" and "wc" to _____count the number of files in a directory. Do that now, then type "answer N", where N is the number of files. #create X2 #create X1 #create this #create stuff #create foo #copyin #user #uncopyin ls | %s/../lcount >X1 tail -1 .copy >X2 #cmp X1 X2 #log #next 5.1b 10 hL5.1b #print It seems silly to use a temporary file when all that's really needed is to take the output from one program like "ls", and pass it directly to the input of another, like "wc". One of the original contributions of Unix is a clean way to do this, called a "pipe". You can connect two programs with a pipe like this: ls | wc and the output of the first program goes into the input of the second without any intervening file. Try this pair of commands in a pipeline. Try an ordinary "ls" command too, to verify that you got the right answer. Then type "ready". #create X1 #copyin #user #uncopyin grep 'ls *| *wc' .copy >/dev/null #log #next 5.1c L5.1c #print Another use for pipes is to replace a command sequence that we did earlier with "cat", "pr" and a temporary file. If you have a bunch of small files, using "pr" on them directly wastes paper, since each file takes a page. You could say cat memo* >temp pr temp rm temp but this is a nuisance (and the output will have the title "temp" on each page). So use a pipe instead. In this directory there are some files whose names begin with "word". Use "cat", "pr" and a pipe to print them, then type "ready". #create word1 now is the time for all #create word2 good men to come to the aid #create word3 of their party. #copyin #user #uncopyin grep 'cat word.*| *pr' <.copy >/dev/null #log #next 5.1d 10 L5.1d $ ^#print How many lines of output does the command cat word* | pr produce, as computed by "wc"? Type "answer N", where N is the number of lines. (Try to use a pipe, not a temporary file.) #create word1 Now is the time #create word2 for all good men #create word3 to come to the aid of their party #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 66 #log #next 5.1e 10 L5.1e K#print Use "ls", "pr" and a pipe to make a neat list of the files in this directory, sorted by time of last change. Do not use a temporary file. Type "ready" when you are done. #create x1 adfasdfasdfaf #create junk qerqer #create foo fofofofofo #copyin #user #uncopyin grep 'ls -[l]*t.*| *pr' <.copy >/dev/null #log #next 6.1a 10 #L6.1a L#print Of course it is still possible to use files with "<" and ">" to supply input to one end of a pipeline and to collect the output from the other end. In this directory are two files whose names begin with "bio". Collect the last 15 lines of these two files (combined) in a file called "last", then type "ready". #create bio1 Roughly speaking, your eye is made of three balls, or layers, fitted tightly one inside the other. the tough white outermost layer's function is to protect the others. the middle layer gives the front of your eye its brown, gray, or blue color. The inside of this layer is dark and full of tiny blood vessels. The innermost layer, called the retina, is made of very special nerve cells that are sensitive to light and color. A nerve cord connects the retina of each eye to your brain. The front of your eye's two outer layers (the cornea) is clear, or open, to let light enter. #create bio2 We do not know when life began on the earth, and it seems likely that the answer to this question will remain forever hidden from us. What we do know is that it was some 500 million years ago when the plants and animals of early geologic history had reached a stage of development where they produced hard parts capable of being preserved as fossils. At this distant date there seemingly was no land life; all life was in the sea. Moreover, there were no vertebrates, or backboned animals, living -- at least none of sufficient complexity that they left hard structures to be preserved in the form of fossils. #user cat bio* | tail -15 >X1 #cmp X1 last #log #next 6.1b 10 L6.1b : [#print Several of the programs we have been using as examples, such as "grep" and "wc", have the property that when you use file names with them, the output includes the file names. For example, if you say grep pattern file1 file2 file3 each line that contains "pattern" is printed out with "file1:" or whatever in front of it. Sometimes you would love to get rid of that file name, since you don't care a bit where the line came from, and the file name clutters up the output. One thing is to use "cat" to collect the files, and pipe into "grep"; in that case "grep" doesn't mention any file name because there isn't one. In this directory there are several files whose names end in ".x". Use a pipeline of "cat" and "grep" to print all the lines that contain the letters "ion", without any identifying filenames. Type "ready" when you're done. #create 0x ion, but this one is in the wrong file! #create 1.x o o' oaf oafish oafishly oafishness oak oaken oaks oakum oar oared oarfish oarlock oarsman oases oasis oat oatcake oaten oath oaths oatmeal obbligati obbligato obbligatos obconic obcordate obduracy obdurate #create 2.x obdurately obdurateness obeah obedience obedient obediently obeisance obeisant obeli obelisk obelize obelus obese obesity obey obeyer obfuscate obfuscation obfuscatory obi obit obituary object objectification objectify objection objectionable objectionableness objectionably objective #create 3.x objectively objectiveness objectivism objectivist objectivistic objectivity objectless objector objurgate objurgation objurgatory oblanceolate oblast oblate oblate oblateness oblation obligate obligately obligation obligatorily obligatory oblige obligee obliger obliging obligingly obligingness obligor oblique obliquely obliqueness obliquity obliterate #copyout #user #uncopyout grep ion <.ocopy >X1 cat *.x | grep ion >X2 #cmp X1 X2 #log #next 6.1c oL6.1c D +#print In much the same way that you used "cat" and a pipe to get rid of the file names from the output of "grep", you can use "cat" and a pipe to get rid of the sub-totals from "wc", if you so desire. What is the total number of lines in the files in this directory whose names begin with capital letters? Type "answer N", where N is the number of lines. #create X1 just to make sure. #create Stuff this has some more. #create Junk asdfadfasdfasdfasdfasf #copyin #user #uncopyin cat [A-Z]* | %s/../lcount >x1 tail -1 .copy >x2 #cmp x1 x2 #log #next 6.1d cL6.1d 7 #print How many of the lines in the files "bio*" and "chem*" contain the letters "the"? Type "answer N", where N is the number of lines. #create bio1 Roughly speaking, your eye is made of three balls, or layers, fitted tightly one inside the other. the tough white outermost layer's function is to protect the others. the middle layer gives the front of your eye its brown, gray, or blue color. The inside of this layer is dark and full of tiny blood vessels. The innermost layer, called the retina, is made of very special nerve cells that are sensitive to light and color. A nerve cord connects the retina of each eye to your brain. The front of your eye's two outer layers (the cornea) is clear, or open, to let light enter. #create bio2 We do not know when life began on the earth, and it seems likely that the answer to this question will remain forever hidden from us. What we do know is that it was some 500 million years ago when the plants and animals of early geologic history had reached a stage of development where they produced hard parts capable of being preserved as fossils. At this distant date there seemingly was no land life; all life was in the sea. Moreover, there were no vertebrates, or backboned animals, living -- at least none of sufficient complexity that they left hard structures to be preserved in the form of fossils. #create chema The baker said, "Now I shall put just the right amounts of water and yeast with the flour that is in the mixer. Flour, water, and yeast together make the sponge. Making sponge is the first step in making bread." The baker closed the mixer. Inside the machine, the flour and yeast and water went around and around until they were well mixed. Then the baker opened the mixer and the sponge dropped into a greased tub called a trough. The baker pushed the trough into a warm room to let the sponge rise. It looked like dough, but it did not as yet have everything in it. #create chemb Wash the blackboard. Watch it dry. The water goes into the air. When water goes into the air it evaporates. Tie a damp cloth to one end of a stick. Tie a bottle to the other end. Put water in the bottle until the stick is level. Watch the stick for a few minutes. It does not stay level. Water goes into the air when it evaporates. It changes into water vapor. You cannot see water vapor, but it is in the air all around you. Cut a hold in the bottom of a cardboard box. Hold the box against a cold window and blow into the hole. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 30 #log #next 6.1e L6.1e J F#print By the way, you can also use "grep" to print out ___all ___but those lines that contain occurrences of a pattern: grep -v pat files... prints all the lines in files... that don't contain any "pat". How many of the lines in "bio*" don't contain "the"? Type "answer N", where N is the number of lines. #create bio1 Roughly speaking, your eye is made of three balls, or layers, fitted tightly one inside the other. the tough white outermost layer's function is to protect the others. the middle layer gives the front of your eye its brown, gray, or blue color. The inside of this layer is dark and full of tiny blood vessels. The innermost layer, called the retina, is made of very special nerve cells that are sensitive to light and color. A nerve cord connects the retina of each eye to your brain. The front of your eye's two outer layers (the cornea) is clear, or open, to let light enter. #create bio2 We do not know when life began on the earth, and it seems likely that the answer to this question will remain forever hidden from us. What we do know is that it was some 500 million years ago when the plants and animals of early geologic history had reached a stage of development where they produced hard parts capable of being preserved as fossils. At this distant date there seemingly was no land life; all life was in the sea. Moreover, there were no vertebrates, or backboned animals, living -- at least none of sufficient complexity that they left hard structures to be preserved in the form of fossils. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 6 #log #next 7.1a 10 6.2e 5 L6.2e S #print How many words in the file "o" do not contain a slash "/"? Type "answer N", where N is the number of words. #create o o o' oaf oaf/ish oaf/ish/ly oaf/ish/ness oak oak/en oaks oa/kum oar oared oar/fish oar/lock oars/man oa/ses oa/sis oat oat/cake oat/en oath oaths oat/meal ob/bli/ga/ti ob/bli/ga/to obbligatos ob/con/ic ob/cor/date ob/du/ra/cy ob/du/rate ob/du/rate/ly ob/du/rate/ness obe/ah obe/di/ence obe/di/ent obe/di/ent/ly obei/sance obei/sant ob/e/li ob/e/lisk ob/e/lize ob/e/lus obese obe/si/ty obey obey/er ob/fus/cate ob/fus/ca/tion ob/fus/ca/to/ry obi obit obit/u/ary ob/ject ob/jec/ti/fi/ca/tion ob/jec/ti/fy ob/jec/tion ob/jec/tion/able ob/jec/tion/able/ness ob/jec/tion/ably ob/jec/tive ob/jec/tive/ly ob/jec/tive/ness ob/jec/tiv/ism ob/jec/tiv/ist ob/jec/tiv/is/tic ob/jec/tiv/i/ty ob/ject/less ob/jec/tor ob/jur/gate ob/jur/ga/tion ob/jur/ga/to/ry ob/lan/ceo/late oblast ob/late oblate oblate/ness obla/tion ob/li/gate ob/li/gate/ly ob/li/ga/tion oblig/a/to/ri/ly oblig/a/to/ry oblige ob/li/gee oblig/er oblig/ing oblig/ing/ly oblig/ing/ness ob/li/gor oblique oblique/ly oblique/ness obliq/ui/ty oblit/er/ate oblit/er/a/tion #copyin #user #uncopyin #match 19 #log #next 7.1a tL7.1a W #print Do you think that you have learned anything from this script? Answer yes or no. #copyin #user #uncopyin #match yes #log o