2.11BSD/man/cat1/eqn.0
EQN(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual EQN(1)
NAME
eqn, neqn, checkeq - typeset mathematics
SYNOPSIS
eqn [ -dxy ] [ -pn ] [ -sn ] [ -fn ] [ file ] ...
checkeq [ file ] ...
DESCRIPTION
_E_q_n is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting mathematics
on a Graphic Systems phototypesetter, _n_e_q_n on terminals.
Usage is almost always
eqn file ... | troff
neqn file ... | nroff
If no files are specified, these programs read from the
standard input. A line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start
of an equation; the end of an equation is marked by a line
beginning with `.EN'. Neither of these lines is altered, so
they may be defined in macro packages to get centering,
numbering, etc. It is also possible to set two characters
as `delimiters'; subsequent text between delimiters is also
treated as _e_q_n input. Delimiters may be set to characters _x
and _y with the command-line argument -d_x_y or (more commonly)
with `delim _x_y' between .EQ and .EN. The left and right
delimiters may be identical. Delimiters are turned off by
`delim off'. All text that is neither between delimiters
nor between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched.
The program _c_h_e_c_k_e_q reports missing or unbalanced delimiters
and .EQ/.EN pairs.
Tokens within _e_q_n are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines,
braces, double quotes, tildes or circumflexes. Braces {}
are used for grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single
character like _x could appear, a complicated construction
enclosed in braces may be used instead. Tilde ~ represents
a full space in the output, circumflex ^ half as much.
Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords
sub and sup. Thus _x _s_u_b _i makes _x_i, _a _s_u_b _i _s_u_p _2 produces
_a_i
2
, and _e _s_u_p {_x _s_u_p _2 + _y _s_u_p _2} gives _e
_x2+_y2
.
Fractions are made with over: _a _o_v_e_r _b yields
_b
_a_.
sqrt makes square roots: _1 _o_v_e_r _s_q_r_t {_a_x _s_u_p _2 +_b_x+_c}
results in
v/~~~~~~~~_a_x
2
+_b_x+_c
1_________ .
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EQN(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual EQN(1)
The keywords from and to introduce lower and upper limits on
arbitrary things:
_n->oo
lim
0
_>_~
_n
_x_i is made with _l_i_m _f_r_o_m {_n-> _i_n_f }
_s_u_m _f_r_o_m _0 _t_o _n _x _s_u_b _i.
Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height
are made with left and right: _l_e_f_t [ _x _s_u_p _2 + _y _s_u_p _2 _o_v_e_r
_a_l_p_h_a _r_i_g_h_t ] ~=~_1 produces
|
|
|
_x
2
+
_o(
_y
2
__
|
|
|
= 1. The right clause
is optional. Legal characters after left and right are
braces, brackets, bars, c and f for ceiling and floor, and
"" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only
bracket).
Vertical piles of things are made with pile, lpile, cpile,
and rpile: _p_i_l_e {_a _a_b_o_v_e _b _a_b_o_v_e _c} produces
_c
_b
_a
. There can
be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile. lpile left-
justifies, pile and cpile center, with different vertical
spacing, and rpile right justifies.
Matrices are made with matrix: _m_a_t_r_i_x { _l_c_o_l { _x _s_u_b _i _a_b_o_v_e
_y _s_u_b _2 } _c_c_o_l { _1 _a_b_o_v_e _2 } } produces
_y2
_x_i
2
1
. In addition,
there is rcol for a right-justified column.
Diacritical marks are made with dot, dotdot, hat, tilde,
bar, vec, dyad, and under: _x _d_o_t = _f(_t) _b_a_r is _x.=_f(_t)~~~~, _y
_d_o_t_d_o_t _b_a_r ~=~ _n _u_n_d_e_r is _y..~ = _n_, and _x _v_e_c ~=~ _y _d_y_a_d is
_x->= _y<-->.
Sizes and font can be changed with size _n or size +__n, roman,
italic, bold, and font _n. Size and fonts can be changed glo-
bally in a document by gsize _n and gfont _n, or by the
command-line arguments -s_n and -f_n.
Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point
sizes from the previous size; this may be changed by the
command-line argument -p_n.
Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place mark
before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place
lineup at the place that is to line up vertically in subse-
quent equations.
Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined
with define: _d_e_f_i_n_e _t_h_i_n_g % _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t % defines a new
token called _t_h_i_n_g which will be replaced by _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t
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EQN(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual EQN(1)
whenever it appears thereafter. The % may be any character
that does not occur in _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t.
Keywords like _s_u_m (_>_~) _i_n_t () _i_n_f (oo) and shorthands like >=
(>_) -> (->), and != (=/) are recognized. Greek letters are
spelled out in the desired case, as in _a_l_p_h_a or _G_A_M_M_A.
Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are made Roman
automatically. _T_r_o_f_f(1) four-character escapes like \(bs ()
can be used anywhere. Strings enclosed in double quotes
"..." are passed through untouched; this permits keywords to
be entered as text, and can be used to communicate with
_t_r_o_f_f when all else fails.
SEE ALSO
troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7)
B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, _T_y_p_e_s_e_t_t_i_n_g _M_a_t_h_e_m_a_t_i_c_s-
_U_s_e_r'_s _G_u_i_d_e
J. F. Ossanna, _N_R_O_F_F/_T_R_O_F_F _U_s_e_r'_s _M_a_n_u_a_l
BUGS
To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote
them, as in `bold "12.3"'.
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