2.9BSD/usr/man/man3/intro.3

.TH INTRO 3
.UC
.SH NAME
intro \- introduction to library functions
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B #include <stdio.h>
.PP
.B #include <math.h>
.SH DESCRIPTION
This section describes functions that may be found
in various libraries, other than those functions
that directly invoke UNIX system primitives,
which are described in section 2.
This section has the libraries physically grouped together.  This is a
departure from older versions of the UNIX Programmer's Reference Manual,
which did not group functions by library.
Functions are divided into various libraries distinguished
by the section number at the top of the page:
.TP 6n
(3)
These functions, together with those of section 2 and those
marked (3S), constitute library
.I libc,
which is automatically loaded by the C compiler
.IR cc (1)
and the Fortran compiler
.IR f77 (1).
The link editor
.IR ld (1)
searches this library under the `\-lc' option.
Declarations for some of these functions may be obtained
from include files indicated on the appropriate pages.
.TP
(3F)
These functions constitute the Fortran 77 runtime support
libraries.  They are automatically loaded as needed by
the Fortran compiler
.IR f77 (1).
The link editor searches these libraries under the `\-lF77',
`\-lI77', and `\-lU77' options.
.TP
(3J)
These functions are part of the job control facilities,
contained in the library
.IR libjobs .
The link editor searches this library under the `\-ljobs' option.
The job control facilities are outlined in
.IR intro (3J).
.TP
(3M)
These functions constitute the math library,
.I libm.
They are automatically loaded as needed by the Fortran compiler
.IR f77 (1).
The link editor searches this library under the `\-lm' option.
Declarations for these functions may be obtained from
the include file <math.h>.
.TP 
(3S)
These functions constitute the
`standard I/O package',
see
.IR intro (3S).
These functions are in the library
.I libc
already mentioned.
Declarations for these functions may be obtained from
the include file <stdio.h>.
.TP
(3X)
Various
specialized libraries have not been given distinctive
captions.
The files in which these libraries are found are named
on the appropriate pages.
.PP
The overlaid version of a library named
.I x
is conventionally named
.IR ovx .
Thus if the 
.RI \-l x
option to
.I ld
includes library
.IR x ,
.RI \-l ovx
will cause
.I ld
to search the overlaid version instead.
.SH FILES
.ta 2i
/lib/libc.a	C library
.br
/usr/lib/libovc.a	overlaid C library
.br
/usr/lib/libjobs.a	jobs library
.br
/usr/lib/libovjobs.a	overlaid jobs library
.br
/usr/lib/libm.a	math library
.br
/usr/lib/libovm.a	overlaid math library
.br
/usr/lib/libF77.a	Fortran 77 runtime library
.br
/usr/lib/libovF77.a	overlaid Fortran 77 runtime library
.br
/usr/lib/libI77.a	Fortran 77 I/O library
.br
/usr/lib/libovI77.a	overlaid Fortran 77 I/O library
.br
/usr/lib/libU77.a	Fortran 77 system call library
.br
/usr/lib/libovU77.a	overlaid Fortran 77 system call library
.DT
.SH SEE ALSO
cc(1), f77(1), ld(1), nm(1), intro(2), intro(3J), intro(3M), intro(3S),
intro(3X)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
Functions in the math library (3M) may return
conventional values when the function is undefined for the
given arguments or when the value is not representable.
In these cases the external variable
.I errno
(see
.IR intro (2))
is set to the value EDOM
or ERANGE.
The values of EDOM and ERANGE are defined in
the include file
.I <math.h>.
.SH ASSEMBLER
In assembly language these functions may be accessed
by simulating the C calling sequence.
For example,
.IR ecvt (3)
might be called this way:
.IP ""
.globl	_ecvt
.nf
setd
mov	$sign,\-(sp)
mov	$decpt,\-(sp)
mov	ndigit,\-(sp)
movf	value,\-(sp)
jsr	pc,\_ecvt
add	$14.,sp
.fi
.SH "LIST OF FUNCTIONS"
.sp 2
.nf
.ta \w'getdiskbyname'u+2n +\w'gethostname'u+10n
\fIName\fP	\fIAppears on Page\fP	\fIDescription\fP
.ta \w'getdiskbyname'u+4n +\w'gethostname'u+4n
.sp 5p
abort	abort.3	generate a fault
abort	abort.3f	terminate abruptly with memory image
abs	abs.3	integer absolute value
access	access.3f	determine accessibility of a file
acos	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
alarm	alarm.3f	execute a subroutine after a specified time
arc	plot.3x	graphics interface
asctime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
asin	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
assert	assert.3x	program verification
atan	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
atan2	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
atof	atoi.3	convert ASCII to numbers
atoi	atoi.3	convert ASCII to numbers
atol	atoi.3	convert ASCII to numbers
besj0	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
besj1	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
besjn	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
besy0	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
besy1	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
besyn	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
cabs	hypot.3m	Euclidean distance
calloc	malloc.3	main memory allocator
ceil	floor.3m	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
chdir	chdir.3f	change default directory
circle	plot.3x	graphics interface
clearerr	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
closepl	plot.3x	graphics interface
cont	plot.3x	graphics interface
cos	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
cosh	sinh.3m	hyperbolic functions
crypt	crypt.3	DES encryption
ctime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
ctime	time.3f	return system time
curses	curses.3x	screen functions with ``optimal'' cursor motion
dbesj0	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
dbesj1	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
dbesjn	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
dbesy0	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
dbesy1	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
dbesyn	bessel.3f	bessel functions of two kinds for integer orders
dbminit	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
delete	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
dflmax	range.3f	return extreme values
dflmin	range.3f	return extreme values
drand	rand.3f	return random values
dtime	etime.3f	return elapsed execution time
ecvt	ecvt.3	output conversion
edata	end.3	last locations in program
encrypt	crypt.3	DES encryption
end	end.3	last locations in program
endfsent	getfsent.3	get file system descriptor file entry
endgrent	getgrent.3	get group file entry
endpwent	getpwent.3	get password file entry
environ	exec.3	execute a file
erase	plot.3x	graphics interface
etext	end.3	last locations in program
etime	etime.3f	return elapsed execution time
exec	exec.3	execute a file
exece	exec.3	execute a file
execl	exec.3	execute a file
execle	exec.3	execute a file
execlp	exec.3	execute a file
execv	exec.3	execute a file
execvp	exec.3	execute a file
exit	exit.3f	terminate process with status
exp	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
fabs	floor.3m	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
fclose	fclose.3s	close or flush a stream
fcvt	ecvt.3	output conversion
fdate	fdate.3f	return date and time in an ASCII string
fdopen	fopen.3s	attach buffering to a descriptor
feof	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
ferror	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
fetch	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
fflush	fclose.3s	close or flush a stream
fgetc	getc.3f	get a character from a logical unit
fgetc	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
fgets	gets.3s	get a string from a stream
fileno	ferror.3s	stream status inquiries
firstkey	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
flmax	range.3f	return extreme values
flmin	range.3f	return extreme values
floor	floor.3m	absolute value, floor, ceiling functions
flush	flush.3f	flush output to a logical unit
fork	fork.3f	create a copy of this process
fopen	fopen.3s	open a file and associate a stream
fprintf	printf.3s	formatted output conversion
fputc	putc.3f	write a character to a fortran logical unit
fputc	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
fputs	puts.3s	put a string on a stream
fread	fread.3s	buffered binary input/output
free	malloc.3	main memory allocator
freopen	fopen.3s	reassociate a stream
frexp	frexp.3	split into mantissa and exponent
fscanf	scanf.3s	formatted input conversion
fseek	fseek.3f	reposition a file on a logical unit
fseek	fseek.3s	reposition a stream
fstat	stat.3f	get file status
ftell	fseek.3f	reposition a file on a logical unit
ftell	fseek.3s	reposition a stream
fwrite	fread.3s	buffered binary input/output
gamma	gamma.3m	log gamma function
gcvt	ecvt.3	output conversion
gerror	perror.3f	get system error messages
getarg	getarg.3f	command arguments to Fortran
getc	getc.3f	get a character from a logical unit
getc	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
getchar	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
getenv	getenv.3	value for environment name
getenv	getenv.3f	get value of environment variables
getfsent	getfsent.3	get file system descriptor file entry
getfsfile	getfsent.3	get file system descriptor file entry
getfsspec	getfsent.3	get file system descriptor file entry
getgid	getuid.3f	get user or group ID of the caller
getgrent	getgrent.3	get group file entry
getgrgid	getgrent.3	get group file entry
getgrnam	getgrent.3	get group file entry
gethostname	gethostname.3	get local host's name
getlog	getlog.3f	get user's login name
getlogin	getlogin.3	get login name
getpass	getpass.3	read a password
getpid	getpid.3f	get process id
getpw	getpw.3	get name from uid
getpwent	getpwent.3	get password file entry
getpwnam	getpwent.3	get password file entry
getpwuid	getpwent.3	get password file entry
gets	gets.3s	get a string from a stream
getuid	getuid.3f	get user or group ID of the caller
getw	getc.3s	get character or word from stream
getwd	getwd.3	get current working directory pathname
gmtime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
gmtime	time.3f	return system time
hypot	hypot.3m	Euclidean distance
iargc	getarg.3f	command arguments to Fortran
idate	idate.3f	return date or time in numerical form
ierrno	perror.3f	get system error messages
index	index.3f	tell about character objects
index	string.3	string operations
inmax	range.3f	return extreme values
iran	ranm.3f	uniform pseudorandom number generator
iran	ranm.3m	uniform pseudorandom number generator
irand	rand.3f	return random values
isalnum	ctype.3	character classification macros
isalpha	ctype.3	character classification macros
isascii	ctype.3	character classification macros
isatty	ttynam.3f	find name of a terminal port
isatty	ttyname.3	find name of a terminal
iscntrl	ctype.3	character classification macros
isdigit	ctype.3	character classification macros
islower	ctype.3	character classification macros
isprint	ctype.3	character classification macros
ispunct	ctype.3	character classification macros
isspace	ctype.3	character classification macros
isupper	ctype.3	character classification macros
isxdigit	ctype.3	character classification macros
itime	idate.3f	return date or time in numerical form
j0	j0.3m	bessel functions
j1	j0.3m	bessel functions
jn	j0.3m	bessel functions
kill	kill.3f	send a signal to a process
l3tol	l3tol.3	long integer conversions
label	plot.3x	graphics interface
ldexp	frexp.3	split into mantissa and exponent
len	index.3f	tell about character objects
line	plot.3x	graphics interface
linemod	plot.3x	graphics interface
link	link.3f	make a link to an existing file
lnblnk	index.3f	tell about character objects
loadav	loadav.3	get load averages
loc	loc.3f	return the address of an object
localtime	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
log	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
log10	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
longjmp	setjmp.3	non-local goto
ltime	time.3f	return system time
lto3l	l3tol.3	long integer conversions
malloc	malloc.3	main memory allocator
mktemp	mktemp.3	make a unique file name
modf	frexp.3	split into mantissa and exponent
monitor	monitor.3	prepare execution profile
move	plot.3x	graphics interface
nextkey	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
nlist	nlist.3	get entries from name list
openpl	plot.3x	graphics interface
pclose	popen.3s	initiate I/O to/from a process
perror	perror.3	system error messages
perror	perror.3f	get system error messages
point	plot.3x	graphics interface
popen	popen.3s	initiate I/O to/from a process
pow	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
printf	printf.3s	formatted output conversion
psignal	psignal.3	system signal messages
putc	putc.3f	write a character to a fortran logical unit
putc	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
putchar	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
puts	puts.3s	put a string on a stream
putw	putc.3s	put character or word on a stream
qsort	qsort.3	quicker sort
qsort	qsort.3f	quick sort
rand	rand.3	random number generator
randomize	ranm.3m	uniform pseudorandom number generator
ranm	ranm.3f	uniform pseudorandom number generator
ranm	ranm.3m	uniform pseudorandom number generator
ranres	ranm.3f	uniform pseudorandom number generator
ranres	ranm.3m	uniform pseudorandom number generator
ransav	ranm.3f	uniform pseudorandom number generator
ransav	ranm.3m	uniform pseudorandom number generator
rand	rand.3f	return random values
re_comp	regex.3	regular expression handler
re_exec	regex.3	regular expression handler
realloc	malloc.3	main memory allocator
rewind	fseek.3s	reposition a stream
rindex	index.3f	tell about character objects
rindex	string.3	string operations
rndmze	ranm.3f	uniform pseudorandom number generator
scanf	scanf.3s	formatted input conversion
setbuf	setbuf.3s	assign buffering to a stream
setfsent	getfsent.3	get file system descriptor file entry
setgrent	getgrent.3	get group file entry
setjmp	setjmp.3	non-local goto
setkey	crypt.3	DES encryption
setpwent	getpwent.3	get password file entry
sighold	sigset.3j	manage signals
sigignore	sigset.3j	manage signals
signal	signal.3f	change the action for a signal
signal	sigset.3j	manage signals
sigpause	sigset.3j	manage signals
sigrelse	sigset.3j	manage signals
sigset	sigset.3j	manage signals
sin	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
sinh	sinh.3m	hyperbolic functions
sleep	sleep.3	suspend execution for interval
sleep	sleep.3f	sleep for awhile
space	plot.3x	graphics interface
sprintf	printf.3s	formatted output conversion
sqrt	exp.3m	exponential, logarithm, power, square root
srand	rand.3	random number generator
sscanf	scanf.3s	formatted input conversion
stat	stat.3f	get file status
store	dbm.3x	data base subroutines
strcat	string.3	string operations
strcmp	string.3	string operations
strcpy	string.3	string operations
strlen	string.3	string operations
strncat	string.3	string operations
strncmp	string.3	string operations
strncpy	string.3	string operations
swab	swab.3	swap bytes
sys_errlist	perror.3	system error messages
sys_nerr	perror.3	system error messages
sys_siglist	psignal.3	system signal messages
system	system.3s	issue a shell command
system	system.3f	execute a unix command
tan	sin.3m	trigonometric functions
tanh	sinh.3m	hyperbolic functions
tgetent	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgetflag	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgetnum	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgetstr	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
tgoto	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
timezone	ctime.3	convert date and time to ASCII
tputs	termcap.3x	terminal independent operation routines
traper	traper.3f	trap arithmetic errors
trapov	trapov.3f	trap and repair floating point overflow
ttynam	ttynam.3f	find name of a terminal port
ttyname	ttyname.3	find name of a terminal
ttyslot	ttyname.3	find name of a terminal
ungetc	ungetc.3s	push character back into input stream
unlink	unlink.3f	remove a directory entry
varargs	varargs.3	variable argument list
wait	wait.3f	wait for a process to terminate
y0	j0.3m	bessel functions
y1	j0.3m	bessel functions
yn	j0.3m	bessel functions
.fi