.\" %M% %I% %E% .sh "Interprocess communications .NH 3 Interprocess communication primitives .NH 4 Communication domains .PP The system provides access to an extensible set of communication \fIdomains\fP. A communication domain is identified by a manifest constant defined in the file <sys/socket.h>. Important standard domains supported by the system are the ``unix'' domain, AF_UNIX, for communication within the system, and the ``internet'' domain for communication in the DARPA internet, AF_INET. Other domains can be added to the system. .NH 4 Socket types and protocols .PP Within a domain, communication takes place between communication endpoints known as \fIsockets\fP. Each socket has the potential to exchange information with other sockets within the domain. .PP Each socket has an associated abstract type, which describes the semantics of communication using that socket. Properties such as reliability, ordering, and prevention of duplication of messages are determined by the type. The basic set of socket types is defined in <sys/socket.h>: .DS /* Standard socket types */ ._d #define SOCK_DGRAM 1 /* datagram */ #define SOCK_STREAM 2 /* virtual circuit */ #define SOCK_RAW 3 /* raw socket */ #define SOCK_RDM 4 /* reliably-delivered message */ #define SOCK_SEQPACKET 5 /* sequenced packets */ .DE The SOCK_DGRAM type models the semantics of datagrams in network communication: messages may be lost or duplicated and may arrive out-of-order. The SOCK_RDM type models the semantics of reliable datagrams: messages arrive unduplicated and in-order, the sender is notified if messages are lost. The \fIsend\fP and \fIreceive\fP operations (described below) generate reliable/unreliable datagrams. The SOCK_STREAM type models connection-based virtual circuits: two-way byte streams with no record boundaries. The SOCK_SEQPACKET type models a connection-based, full-duplex, reliable, sequenced packet exchange; the sender is notified if messages are lost, and messages are never duplicated or presented out-of-order. Users of the last two abstractions may use the facilities for out-of-band transmission to send out-of-band data. .PP SOCK_RAW is used for unprocessed access to internal network layers and interfaces; it has no specific semantics. .PP Other socket types can be defined.\(dg .FS \(dg 4.2BSD does not support the SOCK_RDM and SOCK_SEQPACKET types. .FE .PP Each socket may have a concrete \fIprotocol\fP associated with it. This protocol is used within the domain to provide the semantics required by the socket type. For example, within the ``internet'' domain, the SOCK_DGRAM type may be implemented by the UDP user datagram protocol, and the SOCK_STREAM type may be implemented by the TCP transmission control protocol, while no standard protocols to provide SOCK_RDM or SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets exist. .NH 4 Socket creation, naming and service establishment .PP Sockets may be \fIconnected\fP or \fIunconnected\fP. An unconnected socket descriptor is obtained by the \fIsocket\fP call: .DS s = socket(domain, type, protocol); result int s; int domain, type, protocol; .DE .PP An unconnected socket descriptor may yield a connected socket descriptor in one of two ways: either by actively connecting to another socket, or by becoming associated with a name in the communications domain and \fIaccepting\fP a connection from another socket. .PP To accept connections, a socket must first have a binding to a name within the communications domain. Such a binding is established by a \fIbind\fP call: .DS bind(s, name, namelen); int s; char *name; int namelen; .DE A socket's bound name may be retrieved with a \fIgetsockname\fP call: .DS getsockname(s, name, namelen); int s; result caddr_t name; result int *namelen; .DE while the peer's name can be retrieved with \fIgetpeername\fP: .DS getpeername(s, name, namelen); int s; result caddr_t name; result int *namelen; .DE Domains may support sockets with several names. .NH 4 Accepting connections .PP Once a binding is made, it is possible to \fIlisten\fP for connections: .DS listen(s, backlog); int s, backlog; .DE The \fIbacklog\fP specifies the maximum count of connections that can be simultaneously queued awaiting acceptance. .PP An \fIaccept\fP call: .DS t = accept(s, name, anamelen); result int t; int s; result caddr_t name; result int *anamelen; .DE returns a descriptor for a new, connected, socket from the queue of pending connections on \fIs\fP. .NH 4 Making connections .PP An active connection to a named socket is made by the \fIconnect\fP call: .DS connect(s, name, namelen); int s; caddr_t name; int namelen; .DE .PP It is also possible to create connected pairs of sockets without using the domain's name space to rendezvous; this is done with the \fIsocketpair\fP call\(dg: .FS \(dg 4.2BSD supports \fIsocketpair\fP creation only in the ``unix'' communication domain. .FE .DS socketpair(d, type, protocol, sv); int d, type, protocol; result int sv[2]; .DE Here the returned \fIsv\fP descriptors correspond to those obtained with \fIaccept\fP and \fIconnect\fP. .PP The call .DS pipe(pv) result int pv[2]; .DE creates a pair of SOCK_STREAM sockets in the UNIX domain, with pv[0] only writeable and pv[1] only readable. .NH 4 Sending and receiving data .PP Messages may be sent from a socket by: .DS cc = sendto(s, buf, len, flags, to, tolen); result int cc; int s; caddr_t buf; int len, flags; caddr_t to; int tolen; .DE if the socket is not connected or: .DS cc = send(s, buf, len, flags); result int cc; int s; caddr_t buf; int len, flags; .DE if the socket is connected. The corresponding receive primitives are: .DS msglen = recvfrom(s, buf, len, flags, from, fromlenaddr); result int msglen; int s; result caddr_t buf; int len, flags; result caddr_t from; result int *fromlenaddr; .DE and .DS msglen = recv(s, buf, len, flags); result int msglen; int s; result caddr_t buf; int len, flags; .DE .PP In the unconnected case, the parameters \fIto\fP and \fItolen\fP specify the destination or source of the message, while the \fIfrom\fP parameter stores the source of the message, and \fI*fromlenaddr\fP initially gives the size of the \fIfrom\fP buffer and is updated to reflect the true length of the \fIfrom\fP address. .PP All calls cause the message to be received in or sent from the message buffer of length \fIlen\fP bytes, starting at address \fIbuf\fP. The \fIflags\fP specify peeking at a message without reading it or sending or receiving high-priority out-of-band messages, as follows: .DS ._d #define MSG_PEEK 0x1 /* peek at incoming message */ #define MSG_OOB 0x2 /* process out-of-band data */ .DE .NH 4 Scatter/gather and exchanging access rights .PP It is possible scatter and gather data and to exchange access rights with messages. When either of these operations is involved, the number of parameters to the call becomes large. Thus the system defines a message header structure, in <sys/socket.h>, which can be used to conveniently contain the parameters to the calls: .DS .if t .ta .5i 1.25i 2i 2.7i .if n ._f struct msghdr { caddr_t msg_name; /* optional address */ int msg_namelen; /* size of address */ struct iov *msg_iov; /* scatter/gather array */ int msg_iovlen; /* # elements in msg_iov */ caddr_t msg_accrights; /* access rights sent/received */ int msg_accrightslen; /* size of msg_accrights */ }; .DE Here \fImsg_name\fP and \fImsg_namelen\fP specify the source or destination address if the socket is unconnected; \fImsg_name\fP may be given as a null pointer if no names are desired or required. The \fImsg_iov\fP and \fImsg_iovlen\fP describe the scatter/gather locations, as described in section 2.1.3. Access rights to be sent along with the message are specified in \fImsg_accrights\fP, which has length \fImsg_accrightslen\fP. In the ``unix'' domain these are an array of integer descriptors, taken from the sending process and duplicated in the receiver. .PP This structure is used in the operations \fIsendmsg\fP and \fIrecvmsg\fP: .DS sendmsg(s, msg, flags); int s; struct msghdr *msg; int flags; msglen = recvmsg(s, msg, flags); result int msglen; int s; result struct msghdr *msg; int flags; .DE .NH 4 Using read and write with sockets .PP The normal UNIX \fIread\fP and \fIwrite\fP calls may be applied to connected sockets and translated into \fIsend\fP and \fIreceive\fP calls from or to a single area of memory and discarding any rights received. A process may operate on a virtual circuit socket, a terminal or a file with blocking or non-blocking input/output operations without distinguishing the descriptor type. .NH 4 Shutting down halves of full-duplex connections .PP A process that has a full-duplex socket such as a virtual circuit and no longer wishes to read from or write to this socket can give the call: .DS shutdown(s, direction); int s, direction; .DE where \fIdirection\fP is 0 to not read further, 1 to not write further, or 2 to completely shut the connection down. .NH 4 Socket and protocol options .PP Sockets, and their underlying communication protocols, may support \fIoptions\fP. These options may be used to manipulate implementation specific or non-standard facilities. The \fIgetsockopt\fP and \fIsetsockopt\fP calls are used to control options: .DS getsockopt(s, level, optname, optval, optlen) int s, level, optname; result caddr_t optval; result int *optlen; setsockopt(s, level, optname, optval, optlen) int s, level, optname; caddr_t optval; int optlen; .DE The option \fIoptname\fP is interpreted at the indicated protocol \fIlevel\fP for socket \fIs\fP. If a value is specified with \fIoptval\fP and \fIoptlen\fP, it is interpreted by the software operating at the specified \fIlevel\fP. The \fIlevel\fP SOL_SOCKET is reserved to indicate options maintained by the socket facilities. Other \fIlevel\fP values indicate a particular protocol which is to act on the option request; these values are normally interpreted as a ``protocol number''. .NH 3 UNIX domain .PP This section describes briefly the properties of the UNIX communications domain. .NH 4 Types of sockets .PP In the UNIX domain, the SOCK_STREAM abstraction provides pipe-like facilities, while SOCK_DGRAM provides (usually) reliable message-style communications. .NH 4 Naming .PP Socket names are strings and may appear in the UNIX file system name space through portals\(dg. .FS \(dg The 4.2BSD implementation of the UNIX domain embeds bound sockets in the UNIX file system name space; this is a side effect of the implementation. .FE .NH 4 Access rights transmission .PP The ability to pass UNIX descriptors with messages in this domain allows migration of service within the system and allows user processes to be used in building system facilities. .NH 3 INTERNET domain .PP This section describes briefly how the INTERNET domain is mapped to the model described in this section. More information will be found in the document describing the network implementation in 4.2BSD. .NH 4 Socket types and protocols .PP SOCK_STREAM is supported by the INTERNET TCP protocol; SOCK_DGRAM by the UDP protocol. The SOCK_SEQPACKET has no direct INTERNET family analogue; a protocol based on one from the XEROX NS family and layered on top of IP could be implemented to fill this gap. .NH 4 Socket naming .PP Sockets in the INTERNET domain have names composed of the 32 bit internet address, and a 16 bit port number. Options may be used to provide source routing for the address, security options, or additional address for subnets of INTERNET for which the basic 32 bit addresses are insufficient. .NH 4 Access rights transmission .PP No access rights transmission facilities are provided in the INTERNET domain. .NH 4 Raw access .PP The INTERNET domain allows the super-user access to the raw facilities of the various network interfaces and the various internal layers of the protocol implementation. This allows administrative and debugging functions to occur. These interfaces are modeled as SOCK_RAW sockets.