EQN(1) UNIX Reference Manual EQN(1) NNAAMMEE eeqqnn,, nneeqqnn, cchheecckkeeqq - typeset mathematics SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS eeqqnn [--dd_x_y] [--pp_n] [--ss_n] [--ff_n] [file] ... cchheecckkeeqq [file] ... DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN EEqqnn is a troff(1) preprocessor for typesetting mathematics on a Graphic Systems phototypesetter, neqn on terminals. Usage is almost always eqn file ... | troff neqn file ... | nroff If no files are specified, these programs read from the standard input. A line beginning with `.EQ' marks the start of an equation; the end of an equation is marked by a line beginning with `.EN'. Neither of these lines is altered, so they may be defined in macro packages to get center- ing, numbering, etc. It is also possible to set two characters as `del- imiters'; subsequent text between delimiters is also treated as eeqqnn in- put. Delimiters may be set to characters _x and _y with the command-line argument --dd --xxyy or (more commonly) with `delim _x_y ' between .EQ and .EN. The left and right delimiters may be identical. Delimiters are turned off by `delim off'. All text that is neither between delimiters nor between .EQ and .EN is passed through untouched. The program cchheecckkeeqq reports missing or unbalanced delimiters and .EQ/.EN pairs. Tokens within eeqqnn are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, double quotes, tildes or circumflexes. Braces {} are used for grouping; gen- erally speaking, anywhere a single character like _x could appear, a com- plicated construction enclosed in braces may be used instead. Tilde ~ represents a full space in the output, circumflex ^ half as much. Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords ssuubb and ssuupp. Thus _x _s_u_b _i makes _x_i, _a _s_u_b _i _s_u_p _2 produces _a_i 2 , and _e _s_u_p {_x _s_u_p _2 + _y _s_u_p _2}" gives _e _x2+_y2 . Fractions are made with oovveerr: _a _o_v_e_r _b yields _b _a_. ssqqrrtt makes square roots: _1 _o_v_e_r _s_q_r_t {_a_x _s_u_p _2 +_b_x+_c}" results in v/~~~~~~~~_a_x 2 +_b_x+_c 1_________ . The keywords ffrroomm and ttoo introduce lower and upper limits on arbitrary things: _n->oo lim 0 _>_~ _n _x_i is made with _l_i_m _f_r_o_m {_n-> _i_n_f } _s_u_m _f_r_o_m _0 _t_o _n _x _s_u_b _i." Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are made with lleefftt and rriigghhtt: [_l_e_f_t] _x _s_u_p _2 + _y _s_u_p _2 ~=~_1" produces | | | _x 2 + _o( _y 2 __ | | | = 1. The rriigghhtt clause is optional. Legal characters after lleefftt and rriigghhtt are braces, brackets, bars, cc and ff for ceiling and floor, and "" for nothing at all (useful for a right-side-only bracket). Vertical piles of things are made with ppiillee, llppiillee, ccppiillee, and rrppiillee: _p_i_l_e {_a _a_b_o_v_e _b _a_b_o_v_e _c} produces _c _b _a . There can be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile. llppiillee left-justifies, ppiillee and ccppiillee center, with different vertical spacing, and rrppiillee right justifies. Matrices are made with mmaattrriixx: _m_a_t_r_i_x { _l_c_o_l { _x _s_u_b _i _a_b_o_v_e _y _s_u_b _2 } _c_c_o_l { _1 _a_b_o_v_e _2 } }" produces _y2 _x_i 2 1 . In addition, there is rrccooll for a right-justified column. Diacritical marks are made with ddoott, ddoottddoott, hhaatt, ttiillddee, bbaarr, vveecc, ddyyaadd, and uunnddeerr: _x _d_o_t = _f(_t) _b_a_r is _x.=_f(_t)~~~~, _y _d_o_t_d_o_t _b_a_r ~=~ _n _u_n_d_e_r" is _y..~ = _n_, and _x _v_e_c ~=~ _y _d_y_a_d is _x->= _y<-->. Sizes and font can be changed with ssiizzee [_n] or ssiizzee ++__n, rroommaann, iittaalliicc, bboolldd, and ffoonntt _n. Size and fonts can be changed globally in a document by ggssiizzee _n and ggffoonntt _n, or by the command-line arguments --ss_n and --ff_n. Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point sizes from the previous size; this may be changed by the command-line argument --pp_n. Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place mmaarrkk before the desired lineup point in the first equation; place lliinneeuupp at the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations. Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined with ddeeffiinnee: _d_e_f_i_n_e _t_h_i_n_g % _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t % defines a new token called _t_h_i_n_g which will be replaced by _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t whenever it appears thereafter. The %% may be any character that does not occur in _r_e_p_l_a_c_e_m_e_n_t. Keywords like _s_u_m (_>_~) _i_n_t () _i_n_f (oo) and shorthands like >= (>_) -> (->), and != (=/) are recognized. Greek letters are spelled out in the desired case, as in _a_l_p_h_a or _G_A_M_M_A. Mathematical words like sin, cos, log are made Roman automatically. Troff(1) four-character escapes like \(bs () can be used anywhere. Strings enclosed in double quotes "..." are passed through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, and can be used to communicate with troff(1) when all else fails. SSEEEE AALLSSOO troff(1), tbl(1), ms(7), eqnchar(7) B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, _T_y_p_e_s_e_t_t_i_n_g _M_a_t_h_e_m_a_t_i_c_s-_U_s_e_r'_s _G_u_i_d_e J. F. Ossanna, _N_R_O_F_F/_T_R_O_F_F _U_s_e_r'_s _M_a_n_u_a_l HHIISSTTOORRYY EEqqnn appeared in Version 6 AT&T Unix. BBUUGGSS To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote them, as in `bold "12.3"'.