4.3BSD-UWisc/man/cat1/xterm.1
XTERM(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual XTERM(1)
NAME
xterm - X window system terminal emulator
SYNOPSIS
xterm [ option ] ...
DESCRIPTION
_X_t_e_r_m is the _X window system terminal emulator. It attempts
to emulate a DEC VT102 terminal to provide a standard termi-
nal type for programs not aware of the window system
directly. Under 4.3BSD, Ultrix 1.2 and other systems with
the capability, _x_t_e_r_m supports the terminal resizing facili-
ties built into the system.
In addition, _x_t_e_r_m emulates the Tektronix 4015 in a separate
window. To maintain the correct aspect ratio
(height/width), Tektronix graphics will be restricted to the
largest box with a 4015's aspect ratio that will fit in the
window. This box is located in the upper left area of the
window.
Both windows may be displayed at the same time, though only
one window and mode is active at a time. Input will be
displayed in the active window even if the mouse is in the
other window. Switching between the active modes is possi-
ble under manual (menu) and program (escape sequence) con-
trol.
_X_t_e_r_m understands the following options. If the option
begins with a `+' instead of a `-', the option is restored
to its default value. These options override those set in
the ``.Xdefaults'' file (see the X DEFAULTS section).
-132 Normally, the VT102 DECCOLM escape sequence that
switches between 80 and 132 column mode is
ignored. This option causes the DECCOLM escape
sequence to be recognized, and the _x_t_e_r_m window
will resize appropriately.
-C When _x_t_e_r_m is run on a Sun, this option causes
messages normally destined for the console dev-
ice, to be displayed in the _x_t_e_r_m window.
-L indicates that _x_t_e_r_m is being called by _i_n_i_t(8),
and should presume that its file descriptors are
already open on a slave pseudo-tty, and that
_g_e_t_t_y(8) should be run rather than the user's
shell. This option should only be used by
_i_n_i_t(8)
-ar This option turns on the auto-raise mode of
_x_t_e_r_m, which automatically raises the window
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when the mouse cursor enters the window.
-b _b_o_r_d_e_r _X_t_e_r_m maintains an inner border (distance
between characters and the window's border) of
one pixel. The -b option allows you to set the
size of this border to _b_o_r_d_e_r.
-bd _c_o_l_o_r On color displays, determines the color of the
(highlighted) border.
-bg _c_o_l_o_r On color displays, determines the color of the
background.
-bi This option forces the icon to be a static bit-
map rather than the default miniature window.
-bw _b_o_r_d_e_r_w_i_d_t_h
Allows you to specify the width of the window
border in pixels.
-cr _c_o_l_o_r On color displays, determines the (highlighted)
color of the text cursor; default is the text
(foreground) color.
-cu Several programs that use the _c_u_r_s_e_s(3x) cursor
motion package have some difficulties with
VT102-compatible terminals. The bug fixed with
this option occurs with _m_o_r_e(1) on a file con-
taining a line that is exactly the width of the
window and which is followed by line beginning
with a tab. Normally, the leading tabs disap-
pear, but this option causes them to be
displayed correctly.
-dw When the _x_t_e_r_m icon is deiconified, this option
warps the mouse to the center of the window.
-e _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s
The specified _c_o_m_m_a_n_d will be executed in the
window, rather than starting a shell. The com-
mand and the optional arguments must appear last
on the _x_t_e_r_m command line.
-fb _f_o_n_t The specified _f_o_n_t will be used instead of the
default bold font (which is ``vtbold''). This
font must be the same height and width as the
normal font. If only one of the normal or bold
fonts is specified, it will be used as the nor-
mal font and the bold font will be produced by
overstriking this font.
-fg _c_o_l_o_r On color displays, determines the color of the
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text (foreground).
-fi _f_o_n_t Specifies the default font to be used for the
miniature icon windows. The usual value for the
icon font is ``nil2''.
-fn _f_o_n_t The specified _f_o_n_t will be used instead of the
default font (which is ``vtsingle''). Any fixed
width font may be used.
-ft _f_o_n_t The specified _f_o_n_t will be used in the title bar
instead of the default font (which is ``vtsin-
gle'').
-i This option causes _x_t_e_r_m to startup displaying
the icon rather than the normal window.
-ib _f_i_l_e The _f_i_l_e, which is assumed to be in _b_i_t_m_a_p(1)
format, is read and the resulting bitmap is used
in the icon when in VT102 mode. If only one
bitmap file is specified, it is used for both
modes. If both the bitmap file names are null,
no bitmap is used.
-it _f_i_l_e The _f_i_l_e, which is assumed to be in _b_i_t_m_a_p(1)
format, is read and the resulting bitmap is used
in the icon when in Tektronix mode. If only one
bitmap file is specified, it is used for both
modes. If both the bitmap file names are null,
no bitmap is used.
-j _X_t_e_r_m will `jump scroll'; when _x_t_e_r_m falls
behind scrolling the screen, it will move multi-
ple lines up at once. The VT100 escape
sequences for smooth scroll can be used to
enable/disable this feature from a program, or
the `Mode Menu' can be used to set it interac-
tively.
-l Logging is turned on; all input from the pseudo
tty is appended to the logfile.
-lf _f_i_l_e This _f_i_l_e specifies the file in which the log is
written to, rather than the default
``XtermLog._X_X_X_X_X'' where _X_X_X_X_X is the process id
of _x_t_e_r_m (the file is created in the directory
_x_t_e_r_m is started in, or the home directory for a
login _x_t_e_r_m). If _f_i_l_e begins with a ``|'' then
the rest of the string is assumed to be a com-
mand to be executed by the shell, and a pipe is
opened to the process.
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-ls This option causes the shell run under _x_t_e_r_m to
be a login shell (the user's .login file is read
and the initial directory will be the home
directory).
-mb This option turns on the right margin bell.
-ms _c_o_l_o_r On color displays, determines the color of the
mouse cursor; default is the text cursor color.
-n _w_i_n_d_o_w_n_a_m_e
Allows you to set the name of the window for use
by a window manager. This name is displayed in
the title bar, also.
-nb _n_u_m_b_e_r This _n_u_m_b_e_r is used as the right margin distance
in which the margin bell will ring (the default
is 10).
-po _n_u_m_b_e_r Normally, in page scroll mode, a ``page'' is
defined to be the number of lines in the scrol-
ling region minus the page overlap, which is one
by default. _N_u_m_b_e_r specifies a new page over-
lap.
-ps Page scroll mode is initially turned on. After
a ``page'' of lines is displayed, _x_t_e_r_m will
stop displaying any more lines and the text cur-
sor will disappear. Typing a carriage return
will allow one more line to be scrolled (the
return is discarded). Pressing the space bar
(or any other printable character) allows
another page to be scrolled (the character is
discarded). Typing a control character allows
another page to be scrolled, but the control
character is sent (e.g., the interrupt charac-
ter).
-r The screen will be displayed with white charac-
ters on a black background, rather than the
default black on white. This becomes the normal
video mode, which is reversed by turning on the
reverse video mode.
-rv Same as -r.
-rw This options turns on reverse-wraparound mode,
that allows the cursor to wraparound from the
leftmost column to the rightmost column of the
previous line. This is very useful in the shell
to allow erasure backwards across the previous
line.
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-s When this option is specified, xterm no longer
scrolls synchronously with the display. _X_t_e_r_m
no longer attempts to keep the screen completely
up to date while scrolling, but can then run
faster when network latencies are very high.
This is typically useful when using _x_t_e_r_m across
a very large internet or many hops.
-sb This option causes the scrollbar to be displayed
during startup, with the saving of lines
scrolled off the top of the window being turned
on.
-si When using the scrollbar to review previous
lines of text, the window is normally reposi-
tioned automatically at the bottom of the scroll
region when input has arrived. This option dis-
ables repositioning on input.
-sk When using the scrollbar to review pass lines of
text, this option causes the window to be repo-
sitioned automatically in the normal postion at
the bottom of the scroll region when a key is
pressed.
-sl _n_u_m_b_e_r The _n_u_m_b_e_r specifies the maximum number of lines
to save that are scrolled off the top of the
window. The default is 64 lines.
-sn By default, the status line is in revere-video
(relative to the rest of the window). This
option causes the status line to be in normal
video (the status line is still enclosed in a
box).
-st This option causes the status line to be
displayed on startup.
-t This option causes the initial _x_t_e_r_m window to
be the Tektronix window, rather than the normal
VT102 window.
-tb This option disables the title bar from being
displayed on startup.
-ti Normally in the icon, the window name is to the
right of the bitmap. This option causes the
text to be under the icon.
-vb This option turns on the visual bell mode, which
flashes the window on receipt of a CTRL-G.
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-w Same as -bw.
=_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y _X_t_e_r_m will take a normal X geometry specifica-
tion for the VT102 window. This takes the form
of ``=_w_i_d_t_hx_h_e_i_g_h_t+_x_o_f_f+_y_o_f_f''. See _X(1) for
details of this specification.
%_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y This geometry specification applies to the Tek-
tronix window.
#_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y This geometry specification applies to the icon
position (the width and height information are
optional and otherwise ignored).
_h_o_s_t:_d_i_s_p_l_a_y
Normally, _x_t_e_r_m gets the host and display number
to use from the environment variable
``DISPLAY''. One can, however specify them
explicitly. The _h_o_s_t specifies which machine to
create the window on, and the _d_i_s_p_l_a_y argument
specifies the display number. For example,
``orpheus:1'' creates a shell window on display
one on the machine orpheus.
X DEFAULTS
_X_t_e_r_m allows you to preset defaults in a customization file
in your home directory, called .Xdefaults. The format of
the file is ``programname.keyword:string''. See _X(1) for
more details. _X_t_e_r_m obeys the convention for `MakeWindow'
defaults. Keywords recognized by _x_t_e_r_m are listed below.
ActiveIcon If ``off'', _x_t_e_r_m window icons(s) are static
bitmaps rather than miniature windows.
AllowIconInput If ``on'', then keyboard input is permitted
when _x_t_e_r_m windows are in their iconified
state and the icon is a miniature window.
Keyboard input is always disabled when static
bitmap icons are used.
AutoRaise If ``on'', _x_t_e_r_m window(s) are automatically
raised when the mouse enters them.
Background Set the background color.
BodyFont Set the default font.
BoldFont Specify a default bold font.
Border Set the border color.
BorderWidth Set the border width of the window.
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C132 If ``on'', allow the DECCOLM escape sequence
to switch between 80 and 132 column mode.
Curses If ``on'', enable the _c_u_r_s_e_s(3x) fix.
Cursor Set the text cursor color.
DeiconifyWarp If ``on'', warp the mouse to the center of
the window after deiconification.
Foreground Set the text color.
IconBitmap Specifies the _b_i_t_m_a_p(1) file to be used as
the bitmap for VT102 mode icon.
IconFont Specify the default font for miniature window
icons. The usual value is ``nil2''.
IconStartup If ``on'', initially display the icon rather
than the normal window.
InternalBorder Set the space between the text and window
border. This is called padding above.
JumpScroll If ``on'', jump scroll is enabled.
LogFile Specifies the log file or command to pipe to
when logging is activated.
Logging If ``on'', turn logging on initially.
LogInhibit If ``on'', totally inhibit logging from being
turned on.
LoginShell If ``on'', make the shell executed a login
shell.
MarginBell If ``on'', turn on the margin bell.
MenuBorder specifies the border width for the menus. The
default is 2.
MenuPad specifies the extra padding above and below
the menu title. The default is 3.
MenuFont specifies the font to be used within the
menus. The default is the same font used for
the titlebar.
Mouse Set the mouse cursor color.
NMarginBell Set the margin bell right margin distance.
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PageOverlap Set the page overlap in page scroll mode.
PageScroll If ``on'', turn on page scroll mode.
ReverseVideo If ``on'', reverse the definition of fore-
ground and background color.
ReverseWrap If ``on'', turn on the reverse wraparound
mode.
SaveLines Set the number of lines to save when scrolled
of the top of the window.
ScrollBar If ``on'', show the scrollbar initially.
ScrollInput If ``off'', disable repositioning the scroll
region at the bottom if new input has
arrived.
ScrollKey If ``on'', reposition the scroll region at
the bottom if a key is pressed.
SignalInhibit If ``on'', totally inhibit the sending of
signals from the xterm menu.
StatusLine If ``on'', show the status line on startup.
StatusNormal If ``on'', make the status line normal video.
TekIconBitmap Specifies the _b_i_t_m_a_p(1) file to be used as
the bitmap for Tektronix mode icon.
TekInhibit If ``on'', totally inhibit going into Tek-
tronix mode.
TextUnderIcon If ``on'', place the icon text under the bit-
map icon.
TitleBar If ``off'', don't show the title bar on
startup.
TitleFont Set the font of the title bar text.
VisualBell If ``on'', turn on visual bell mode at
startup.
EMULATIONS
The VT102 emulation is fairly complete, but does not support
the blinking character attribute nor the double-wide and
double-size character sets. _T_e_r_m_c_a_p(5) entries that work
with _x_t_e_r_m include ``xterms'', ``xterm'', ``vt102'',
``vt100'' and ``ansi'', and _x_t_e_r_m automatically searches the
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termcap file in this order for these entries and then sets
the ``TERM'' and the ``TERMCAP'' environment variables.
Many of the special _x_t_e_r_m features (like the scrollbar and
logging) may be modified under program control through a set
of escape sequences different from the standard VT102 escape
sequences. Also, many of the Sun tty escape sequences for
resizing and moving the window are also understood. (See
the ``_X_t_e_r_m _C_o_n_t_r_o_l _S_e_q_u_e_n_c_e_s'' document.)
The Tektronix 4015 emulation is also fairly good. Four dif-
ferent font sizes and five different lines types are sup-
ported. The Tektronix text and graphics commands are
recorded internally by _x_t_e_r_m and may be written to a file by
sending the COPY escape sequence (or through the Tektronix
menu; see below). The name of the file will be
``COPY_y_y-_M_M-_d_d._h_h:_m_m:_s_s'', where _y_y, _M_M, _d_d, _h_h, _m_m and _s_s
are the year, month, day, hour, minute and second when the
COPY was performed (the file is created in the directory
_x_t_e_r_m is started in, or the home directory for a login
_x_t_e_r_m).
MOUSE USAGE
When using the mouse to create the VT102 window, a cursor
and a rubber banding box will outline where the window will
be created on the display. If the left button is pressed, a
HEIGHTxWIDTH (default 24x80) size window will be created at
the position where the button is released. If the right
button is pressed, a window the height of the display and
WIDTH (default 80) characters wide will be created. If the
center button is pressed and held down, the upper left hand
corner of the window is defined at this position. An out-
line of the minimum size window is shown, and a popup window
in the upper left hand corner of the display will show the
size in characters of the window. Moving the mouse (while
still holding the button down) will enlarge the window and
the sizes in the pop up window will update accordingly.
Releasing the button will define the lower right hand corner
of the window.
Once the VT102 window is created, _x_t_e_r_m allows you to save
text and restore it within the same or other windows. The
button functions are enabled when holding down the ``shift''
key. The left hand button takes the text from the cursor
(at button release) through the end of line (including the
new line), saves it in the global cut buffer, and immedi-
ately `retypes' the line, inserting it as keyboard input.
This provides a history mechanism. The selected text is
highlighted while the button is pressed. Moving off the
initial line will cancel the selection. If there is no text
beyond the initial cursor point, _x_t_e_r_m will sound the bell,
indicating an error.
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The shifted center button is used to save text into the cut
buffer. Move the cursor to beginning of the text, and then
hold the button down while moving the cursor to the end of
the region and releasing the button. The selected text is
highlighted and is saved in the global cut buffer when the
button is released.
The shifted right hand button `types' (pastes) the text from
the cut buffer, inserting it as keyboard input. By cutting
and pasting pieces of text without trailing new lines, you
can take text from several places in different windows and
form a command to the shell, for example, or take output
from a program and insert it into your favorite editor.
Since the cut buffer is globally shared among different
applications, you should regard it as a `file' whose con-
tents you know. The terminal emulator and other text pro-
grams should be treating it as if it were a text file, i.e.
the text is delimited by new lines.
The scrollbar is composed of three parts, the scroll button
at the top, the recorder button in the middle and the scroll
region at the bottom. Pressing the middle button in any
part of the scrollbar will display the scrollbar menu; see
the MENUS section below.
The scroll region displays the position and amount of text
currently showing in the window (highlighted) relative to
the amount of text actually saved. As more text is saved
(up to the maximum), the size of the highlighted area
decreases. Clicking the mouse with the left of right button
in the scroll region will position the top of the display
window at the mouse position.
The recorder button shows the state of saving lines scrolled
off the top of the window. Tape running reel to reel indi-
cates on, while the tape hanging indicates off. Clicking
the left or right button in the recorder button toggles the
state of recording.
The scroll button causes the window to scroll up and down
within the saved text. The left button moves the window
position up (the text scrolls downward), while the right
button moves the window position down (the text scrolls
upward). The amount of scrolling is modified by the
``shift'' and ``control'' keys. Without either, the window
scrolls a single line at a time. Continuing to hold the
button down will causes the text to continuously scroll a
line at a time.
The ``shift'' key causes the text to scroll a window full at
a time (actually it is one line less than a full window).
And the ``control'' key causes the text to be positioned at
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the extremes, top or bottom.
When using the mouse to create the Tektronix window, a cur-
sor and a rubber banding box will outline where the window
will be created on the display. If the left button is
pressed, a default size window (750 pixels wide by 565 pixel
high) is created at the origin. If the right button is
pressed, a default size window is created at the mouse posi-
tion. If the center button is pressed and held down, the
upper left hand corner of the window is defined at this
position. An outline of the minimum size window is shown,
and a popup window in the upper left hand corner of the
display will appear, indicating Tektronix mode. Moving the
mouse (while still holding the button down) will enlarge the
window. Releasing the button will define the lower right
hand corner of the window.
Unlike the VT102 window, the Tektronix window dows not allow
the copying of text. It does allow Tektronix GIN mode, and
in this mode the cursor will change from an arrow to a
cross. Pressing any key will send that key and the current
coordinate of the cross cursor. Pressing the left, middle
or right button will return the letters `l', `m', and `r',
respectively. If the `shift' key is pressed when a mouse
buton is pressed, the corresponding upper case letter is
sent. To distinquish a mouse button from a key, the high
bit of the character is set (but this is bit is normally
stripped unless the terminal mode is RAW; see _t_t_y(4) for
details).
MENUS
_X_t_e_r_m has five different menus, named xterm, Modes, Tek-
tronix, Scrollbar and Windows. Each menu pops up under the
correct combinations of key and button presses. Most menus
are divided into two section, separated by a horizontal
line. The top portion contains various modes that can be
altered. A check mark appears next to a mode that is
currently active. Selecting one of these modes toggles its
state. The bottom portion of the menu are command entries;
selecting one of these performs the indicated function.
The xterm menu pops up when the ``control'' key and the left
button is pressed in a window. The menu title gives the
version number of _x_t_e_r_m. The modes section contains items
that apply to both the VT102 and Tektronix windows. Notable
entries in the command section of the menu are the Continue,
Suspend, Interrupt, Hangup, Terminate and Kill which sends
the SIGCONT, SIGTSTP, SIGINT, SIGHUP, SIGTERM and SIGKILL
signals, respectively, to the process group of the process
running under _x_t_e_r_m (usually the shell). The Continue func-
tion is especially useful if the user has accidentally typed
CTRL-Z, suspending the process.
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The Modes menu sets various modes in the VT102 emulation,
and is popped up with the ``control'' and middle button com-
bination in the VT102 window. In the command section of
this menu, the soft reset entry will reset scroll regions.
This can be convenient when some program has left the scroll
regions set incorrectly (often a problem when using VMS or
TOPS-20). The full reset entry will clear the screen, reset
tabs to every eight columns, and reset the terminal modes
(such as wrap and smooth scroll) to there initial states
just after _x_t_e_r_m has finish processing the command line
options. The Tektronix menu sets various modes in the Tek-
tronix emulation, and is popped up with the ``control'' and
middle button combination in the Tektronix window. The
current font size is checked in the modes section of the
menu. The PAGE entry in the command section clears the Tek-
tronix window.
The Scrollbar menu is popped up when the middle button is
pressed within the scrollbar. This menu allows several
modes particular to the scrollbar to be set.
The Windows menu is not normally compiled into _x_t_e_r_m as it
duplicates functions that properly belong to window
managers. It may, however, be enabled at the discretion of
your system builder.
If enabled, the Windows menu is a special menu that is
popped up when the ``control'' key and right button are
pressed. Listed in order of bottommost to topmost are the
visible windows on the display that are named. The checked
entry is the current window. By selecting an entry, the
corresponding window is raised to the top. This is very
useful when a particular window of interest is obscured by
many other windows.
OTHER FEATURES
_X_t_e_r_m automatically highlights the window border, text cur-
sor and titlebar when the mouse enters the window (selected)
and unhighlights them when the mouse leaves the window
(unselected). If the window is the focus window, then the
window is highlighted no matter where the mouse is.
The titlebar displays the name of the window in the center
and on both sides stripes appear when the window is selected
(highlighted). If both windows are showing, only the active
window's titlebar is highlighted. If the left, middle or
right button is pressed in the stripped section of the
titlebar, the corresponding menu is popped up, without the
need to hold down the ``control'' key. Pressing the mouse
button in the center title of the titlebar causes the window
to automatically iconify. Pressing a button in the icon
deiconifies it. In addition, if input comes in while _x_t_e_r_m
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is iconified and the icon is a static bitmap, a box is drawn
around the icon title.
In VT102 mode, there are escape sequences to activate and
deactivate an alternate screen buffer, which is the same
size as the display area of the window. When activated, the
current screen is saved and replace with the alternate
screen. Saving of lines scrolled off the top of the window
and page scroll mode are disabled, until the normal screen
is restored. The _t_e_r_m_c_a_p(5) entry for _x_t_e_r_m allows the
visual editor _v_i(1) to switch to the alternate screen for
editing, and restore the screen on exit.
In either VT102 or Tektronix mode, there are escape
sequences to change the title in the title bar (which will
also change the name of the windows and icons) and to
specify a new log file name.
By default, a miniature version of the VT102 or Tektronix
window is displayed when _x_t_e_r_m is iconified. The choice of
which miniature to display is made when the full window(s)
are iconified; if the Tek window is chosen in the iconify
operation, then the icon will be a miniature Tek window and
if the VT102 window is chosen, the icon will be a miniature
VT102 window. This choice is independent of the current
mode (Tektronix/VT102).
As an option, the miniature window may be disabled and a
bitmap of a small VT102 window with titlebar and scrollbar
can be displayed in the icon when in VT102 mode, and a bit-
map of a Tektronix window with titlebar is displayed in Tek-
tronix mode. these bitmaps may be user-defined (see options
above).
ENVIRONMENT
_X_t_e_r_m sets the environment variables ``TERM'' and
``TERMCAP'' properly for the size window you have created.
It also uses and sets the environment variable ``DISPLAY''
to specify which bit map display terminal to use. The
environment variable ``WINDOWID'' is set to the X window id
number of the _x_t_e_r_m window.
SEE ALSO
resize(1), X(1), pty(4), tty(4)
``_X_t_e_r_m _C_o_n_t_r_o_l _S_e_q_u_e_n_c_e_s''
BUGS
There is currently no way for a _x_t_e_r_m window not to
highlight itself when the mouse cursor enter it while
another window is the keyboard focus. There needs to be a
dialog box to allow entry of log file name and the COPY file
name. Many of the options are not resettable after _x_t_e_r_m
Printed 1/10/87 1 Nov 1986 13
XTERM(1) UNIX Programmer's Manual XTERM(1)
starts.
AUTHORS
Edward Moy (Berkeley), Ralph R. Swick (MIT-Athena), Mark
Vandevoorde (MIT-Athena), Bob McNamara (DEC-MAD), Jim Gettys
(MIT-Athena), Bob Scheifler (MIT-LCS), Doug Mink (SAO).
VMS and TOPS-20 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corpora-
tion.
Copyright (c) 1984, 1985, 1986 by Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
See _X(1) for a full copyright notice.
Printed 1/10/87 1 Nov 1986 14