4.3BSD-UWisc/man/cat4/tcp.4p

TCP(4P)             UNIX Programmer's Manual              TCP(4P)



NAME
     tcp - Internet Transmission Control Protocol

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/socket.h>
     #include <netinet/in.h>

     s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

DESCRIPTION
     The TCP protocol provides reliable, flow-controlled, two-way
     transmission of data.  It is a byte-stream protocol used to
     support the SOCK_STREAM abstraction.  TCP uses the standard
     Internet address format and, in addition, provides a per-
     host collection of "port addresses".  Thus, each address is
     composed of an Internet address specifying the host and net-
     work, with a specific TCP port on the host identifying the
     peer entity.

     Sockets utilizing the tcp protocol are either "active" or
     "passive".  Active sockets initiate connections to passive
     sockets.  By default TCP sockets are created active; to
     create a passive socket the _l_i_s_t_e_n(2) system call must be
     used after binding the socket with the _b_i_n_d(2) system call.
     Only passive sockets may use the _a_c_c_e_p_t(2) call to accept
     incoming connections.  Only active sockets may use the _c_o_n_-
     _n_e_c_t(2) call to initiate connections.

     Passive sockets may "underspecify" their location to match
     incoming connection requests from multiple networks.  This
     technique, termed "wildcard addressing", allows a single
     server to provide service to clients on multiple networks.
     To create a socket which listens on all networks, the Inter-
     net address INADDR_ANY must be bound.  The TCP port may
     still be specified at this time; if the port is not speci-
     fied the system will assign one.  Once a connection has been
     established the socket's address is fixed by the peer
     entity's location.   The address assigned the socket is the
     address associated with the network interface through which
     packets are being transmitted and received.  Normally this
     address corresponds to the peer entity's network.

     TCP supports one socket option which is set with _s_e_t_-
     _s_o_c_k_o_p_t(2) and tested with _g_e_t_s_o_c_k_o_p_t(2).  Under most cir-
     cumstances, TCP sends data when it is presented; when out-
     standing data has not yet been acknowledged, it gathers
     small amounts of output to be sent in a single packet once
     an acknowledgement is received.  For a small number of
     clients, such as window systems that send a stream of mouse
     events which receive no replies, this packetization may
     cause significant delays.  Therefore, TCP provides a boolean
     option, TCP_NODELAY (from <_n_e_t_i_n_e_t/_t_c_p._h>, to defeat this



Printed 12/27/86          May 16, 1986                          1






TCP(4P)             UNIX Programmer's Manual              TCP(4P)



     algorithm.  The option level for the _s_e_t_s_o_c_k_o_p_t call is the
     protocol number for TCP, available from _g_e_t_p_r_o_t_o_b_y_n_a_m_e(3N).

     Options at the IP transport level may be used with TCP; see
     _i_p(4P).  Incoming connection requests that are source-routed
     are noted, and the reverse source route is used in respond-
     ing.

DIAGNOSTICS
     A socket operation may fail with one of the following errors
     returned:

     [EISCONN]           when trying to establish a connection on
                         a socket which already has one;

     [ENOBUFS]           when the system runs out of memory for
                         an internal data structure;

     [ETIMEDOUT]         when a connection was dropped due to
                         excessive retransmissions;

     [ECONNRESET]        when the remote peer forces the connec-
                         tion to be closed;

     [ECONNREFUSED]      when the remote peer actively refuses
                         connection establishment (usually
                         because no process is listening to the
                         port);

     [EADDRINUSE]        when an attempt is made to create a
                         socket with a port which has already
                         been allocated;

     [EADDRNOTAVAIL]     when an attempt is made to create a
                         socket with a network address for which
                         no network interface exists.

SEE ALSO
     getsockopt(2), socket(2), intro(4N), inet(4F), ip(4P)
















Printed 12/27/86          May 16, 1986                          2