4.4BSD/usr/share/man/cat1/hexdump.0

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HEXDUMP(1) BSD Reference Manual HEXDUMP(1)

NNAAMMEE
hheexxdduummpp - ascii, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
hheexxdduummpp [--bbccddoovvxx] [--ee _f_o_r_m_a_t___s_t_r_i_n_g] [--ff _f_o_r_m_a_t___f_i_l_e] [--nn _l_e_n_g_t_h]
[--ss _s_k_i_p] _f_i_l_e _._._.

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or
the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user specified for-
mat.

The options are as follows:

--bb _O_n_e_-_b_y_t_e _o_c_t_a_l _d_i_s_p_l_a_y. Display the input offset in hexadeci-
mal, followed by sixteen space-separated, three column, zero-
filled, bytes of input data, in octal, per line.

--cc _O_n_e_-_b_y_t_e _c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r _d_i_s_p_l_a_y. Display the input offset in hex-
adecimal, followed by sixteen space-separated, three column,
space-filled, characters of input data per line.

--dd _T_w_o_-_b_y_t_e _d_e_c_i_m_a_l _d_i_s_p_l_a_y_. Display the input offset in hex-
adecimal, followed by eight space-separated, five column, ze-
ro-filled, two-byte units of input data, in unsigned decimal,
per line.

--ee _f_o_r_m_a_t___s_t_r_i_n_g
Specify a format string to be used for displaying data.

--ff _f_o_r_m_a_t___f_i_l_e
Specify a file that contains one or more newline separated
format strings. Empty lines and lines whose first non-blank
character is a hash mark (##) are ignored.

--nn _l_e_n_g_t_h Interpret only _l_e_n_g_t_h bytes of input.

--oo _T_w_o_-_b_y_t_e _o_c_t_a_l _d_i_s_p_l_a_y_. Display the input offset in hexadeci-
mal, followed by eight space-separated, six column, zero-
filled, two byte quantities of input data, in octal, per
line.

--ss _o_f_f_s_e_t Skip _o_f_f_s_e_t bytes from the beginning of the input. By de-
fault, _o_f_f_s_e_t is interpreted as a decimal number. With a
leading 00xx or 00XX, _o_f_f_s_e_t is interpreted as a hexadecimal num-
ber, otherwise, with a leading 00, _o_f_f_s_e_t is interpreted as an
octal number. Appending the character bb, kk, or mm to _o_f_f_s_e_t
causes it to be interpreted as a multiple of 512, 1024, or
1048576, respectively.

--vv The --vv option causes hexdump to display all input data.
Without the --vv option, any number of groups of output lines,
which would be identical to the immediately preceding group
of output lines (except for the input offsets), are replaced
with a line comprised of a single asterisk.

--xx _T_w_o_-_b_y_t_e _h_e_x_a_d_e_c_i_m_a_l _d_i_s_p_l_a_y_. Display the input offset in
hexadecimal, followed by eight, space separated, four column,
zero-filled, two-byte quantities of input data, in hexadeci-
mal, per line.

For each input file, hheexxdduummpp sequentially copies the input to standard
output, transforming the data according to the format strings specified
by the --ee and --ff options, in the order that they were specified.

FFoorrmmaattss
A format string contains any number of format units, separated by whites-
pace. A format unit contains up to three items: an iteration count, a
byte count, and a format.

The iteration count is an optional positive integer, which defaults to
one. Each format is applied iteration count times.

The byte count is an optional positive integer. If specified it defines
the number of bytes to be interpreted by each iteration of the format.

If an iteration count and/or a byte count is specified, a single slash
must be placed after the iteration count and/or before the byte count to
disambiguate them. Any whitespace before or after the slash is ignored.

The format is required and must be surrounded by double quote (" ")
marks. It is interpreted as a fprintf-style format string (see
fprintf(3)), with the following exceptions:

++oo An asterisk (*) may not be used as a field width or precision.

++oo A byte count or field precision _i_s required for each ``s'' con-
version character (unlike the fprintf(3) default which prints
the entire string if the precision is unspecified).

++oo The conversion characters ``h'', ``l'', ``n'', ``p'' and ``q''
are not supported.

++oo The single character escape sequences described in the C stan-
dard are supported:

NUL \0
<alert character> \a
<backspace> \b
<form-feed> \f
<newline> \n
<carriage return> \r
<tab> \t
<vertical tab> \v

Hexdump also supports the the following additional conversion strings:

__aa[ddooxx] Display the input offset, cumulative across input files, of
the next byte to be displayed. The appended characters dd, oo,
and xx specify the display base as decimal, octal or hexadeci-
mal respectively.

__AA[ddooxx] Identical to the __aa conversion string except that it is only
performed once, when all of the input data has been pro-
cessed.

__cc Output characters in the default character set. Nonprinting
characters are displayed in three character, zero-padded oc-
tal, except for those representable by standard escape nota-
tion (see above), which are displayed as two character
strings.

__pp Output characters in the default character set. Nonprinting
characters are displayed as a single ``..''.

__uu Output US ASCII characters, with the exception that control
characters are displayed using the following, lower-case,
names. Characters greater than 0xff, hexadecimal, are dis-
played as hexadecimal strings.

000 nul 001 soh 002 stx 003 etx 004 eot 005 enq
006 ack 007 bel 008 bs 009 ht 00A lf 00B vt
00C ff 00D cr 00E so 00F si 010 dle 011 dc1
012 dc2 013 dc3 014 dc4 015 nak 016 syn 017 etb
018 can 019 em 01A sub 01B esc 01C fs 01D gs
01E rs 01F us 0FF del

The default and supported byte counts for the conversion characters are
as follows:

%_c, %_p, %_u, %c One byte counts only.

%d, %i, %o, %u, %X, %x Four byte default, one, two and four byte
counts supported.

%E, %e, %f, %G, %g Eight byte default, four byte counts sup-
ported.

The amount of data interpreted by each format string is the sum of the
data required by each format unit, which is the iteration count times the
byte count, or the iteration count times the number of bytes required by
the format if the byte count is not specified.

The input is manipulated in ``blocks'', where a block is defined as the
largest amount of data specified by any format string. Format strings
interpreting less than an input block's worth of data, whose last format
unit both interprets some number of bytes and does not have a specified
iteration count, have the the interation count incremented until the en-
tire input block has been processed or there is not enough data remaining
in the block to satisfy the format string.

If, either as a result of user specification or hexdump modifying the it-
eration count as described above, an iteration count is greater than one,
no trailing whitespace characters are output during the last iteration.

It is an error to specify a byte count as well as multiple conversion
characters or strings unless all but one of the conversion characters or
strings is __aa or __AA.

If, as a result of the specification of the --nn option or end-of-file be-
ing reached, input data only partially satisfies a format string, the in-
put block is zero-padded sufficiently to display all available data (i.e.
any format units overlapping the end of data will display some number of
the zero bytes).

Further output by such format strings is replaced by an equivalent number
of spaces. An equivalent number of spaces is defined as the number of
spaces output by an ss conversion character with the same field width and
precision as the original conversion character or conversion string but
with any ``+'', `` '', ``#'' conversion flag characters removed, and ref-
erencing a NULL string.

If no format strings are specified, the default display is equivalent to
specifying the --xx option.

hheexxdduummpp exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurred.

EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
Display the input in perusal format:

"%06.6_ao " 12/1 "%3_u "
"\t\t" "%_p "
"\n"

Implement the -x option:

"%07.7_Ax\n"
"%07.7_ax " 8/2 "%04x " "\n"

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
adb(1)

4.4BSD June 6, 1993 4