4.4BSD/usr/share/man/cat1/refer.0
REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
NNAAMMEE
refer - preprocess bibliographic references for groff
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
rreeffeerr [ --bbeennvvCCPPRRSS ] [ --aa_n ] [ --cc_f_i_e_l_d_s ] [ --ff_n ]
[ --ii_f_i_e_l_d_s ] [ --kk_f_i_e_l_d ] [ --ll_m_,_n ] [ --pp_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e ]
[ --ss_f_i_e_l_d_s ] [ --tt_n ] [ --BB_f_i_e_l_d_._m_a_c_r_o ]
[ _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... ]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
This file documents the GNU version of rreeffeerr, which is
part of the groff document formatting system. rreeffeerr
copies the contents of _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... to the standard out-
put, except that lines between ..[[ and ..]] are interpreted
as citations, and lines between ..RR11 and ..RR22 are inter-
preted as commands about how citations are to be pro-
cessed.
Each citation specifies a reference. The citation can
specify a reference that is contained in a bibliographic
database by giving a set of keywords that only that refer-
ence contains. Alternatively it can specify a reference
by supplying a database record in the citation. A combi-
nation of these alternatives is also possible.
For each citation, rreeffeerr can produce a mark in the text.
This mark consists of some label which can be separated
from the text and from other labels in various ways. For
each reference it also outputs ggrrooffff commands that can be
used by a macro package to produce a formatted reference
for each citation. The output of rreeffeerr must therefore be
processed using a suitable macro package. The --mmss and --mmee
macros are both suitable. The commands to format a cita-
tion's reference can be output immediately after the cita-
tion, or the references may be accumulated, and the com-
mands output at some later point. If the references are
accumulated, then multiple citations of the same reference
will produce a single formatted reference.
The interpretation of lines between ..RR11 and ..RR22 as com-
mands is a new feature of GNU refer. Documents making use
of this feature can still be processed by Unix refer just
by adding the lines
..ddee RR11
..iigg RR22
....
to the beginning of the document. This will cause ttrrooffff
to ignore everything between ..RR11 and ..RR22. The effect of
some commands can also be achieved by options. These
options are supported mainly for compatibility with Unix
Groff Version 1.08 19 February 1993 1
REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
refer. It is usually more convenient to use commands.
rreeffeerr generates ..llff lines so that filenames and line num-
bers in messages produced by commands that read rreeffeerr out-
put will be correct; it also interprets lines beginning
with ..llff so that filenames and line numbers in the mes-
sages and ..llff lines that it produces will be accurate even
if the input has been preprocessed by a command such as
ssooeelliimm(1).
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Most options are equivalent to commands (for a description
of these commands see the CCoommmmaannddss subsection):
--bb nnoo--llaabbeell--iinn--tteexxtt;; nnoo--llaabbeell--iinn--rreeffeerreennccee
--ee aaccccuummuullaattee
--nn nnoo--ddeeffaauulltt--ddaattaabbaassee
--CC ccoommppaattiibbllee
--PP mmoovvee--ppuunnttuuaattiioonn
--SS llaabbeell ""((AA..nn||QQ)) '',, '' ((DD..yy||DD))"";; bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell "" (("" ))
"";; ""
--aa_n rreevveerrssee AA_n
--cc_f_i_e_l_d_s
ccaappiittaalliizzee _f_i_e_l_d_s
--ff_n llaabbeell %%_n
--ii_f_i_e_l_d_s
sseeaarrcchh--iiggnnoorree _f_i_e_l_d_s
--kk llaabbeell LL~~%%aa
--kk_f_i_e_l_d
llaabbeell _f_i_e_l_d~~%%aa
--ll llaabbeell AA..nnDD..yy%%aa
--ll_m llaabbeell AA..nn++_mDD..yy%%aa
--ll,,_n llaabbeell AA..nnDD..yy--_n%%aa
--ll_m,,_n llaabbeell AA..nn++_mDD..yy--_n%%aa
Groff Version 1.08 19 February 1993 2
REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
--pp_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
ddaattaabbaassee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
--ss_s_p_e_c ssoorrtt _s_p_e_c
--tt_n sseeaarrcchh--ttrruunnccaattee _n
These options are equivalent to the following commands
with the addition that the filenames specified on the com-
mand line are processed as if they were arguments to the
bbiibblliiooggrraapphhyy command instead of in the normal way:
--BB aannnnoottaattee XX AAPP;; nnoo--llaabbeell--iinn--rreeffeerreennccee
--BB_f_i_e_l_d.._m_a_c_r_o
aannnnoottaattee _f_i_e_l_d _m_a_c_r_o;; nnoo--llaabbeell--iinn--rreeffeerreennccee
The following options have no equivalent commands:
--vv Print the version number.
--RR Don't recognize lines beginning with ..RR11/..RR22.
UUSSAAGGEE
BBiibblliiooggrraapphhiicc ddaattaabbaasseess
The bibliographic database is a text file consisting of
records separated by one or more blank lines. Within each
record fields start with a %% at the beginning of a line.
Each field has a one character name that immediately fol-
lows the %%. It is best to use only upper and lower case
letters for the names of fields. The name of the field
should be followed by exactly one space, and then by the
contents of the field. Empty fields are ignored. The
conventional meaning of each field is as follows:
AA The name of an author. If the name contains a
title such as JJrr.. at the end, it should be sepa-
rated from the last name by a comma. There can be
multiple occurences of the AA field. The order is
siginificant. It is a good idea always to supply
an AA field or a QQ field.
BB For an article that is part of a book, the title of
the book
CC The place (city) of publication.
DD The date of publication. The year should be speci-
fied in full. If the month is specified, the name
rather than the number of the month should be used,
but only the first three letters are required. It
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REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
is a good idea always to supply a DD field; if the
date is unknown, a value such as iinn pprreessss or
uunnkknnoowwnn can be used.
EE For an article that is part of a book, the name of
an editor of the book. Where the work has editors
and no authors, the names of the editors should be
given as AA fields and ,, ((eedd)) or ,, ((eeddss)) should be
appended to the last author.
GG US Government ordering number.
II The publisher (issuer).
JJ For an article in a journal, the name of the jour-
nal.
KK Keywords to be used for searching.
LL Label.
NN Journal issue number.
OO Other information. This is usually printed at the
end of the reference.
PP Page number. A range of pages can be specified as
_m--_n.
QQ The name of the author, if the author is not a per-
son. This will only be used if there are no AA
fields. There can only be one QQ field.
RR Technical report number.
SS Series name.
TT Title. For an article in a book or journal, this
should be the title of the article.
VV Volume number of the journal or book.
XX Annotation.
For all fields except AA and EE, if there is more than one
occurence of a particular field in a record, only the last
such field will be used.
If accent strings are used, they should follow the
charater to be accented. This means that the AAMM macro
must be used with the --mmss macros. Accent strings should
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REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
not be quoted: use one \\ rather than two.
CCiittaattiioonnss
The format of a citation is
..[[_o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t
_f_l_a_g_s _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s
_f_i_e_l_d_s
..]]_c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t
The _o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t, _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t and _f_l_a_g_s components are
optional. Only one of the _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s and _f_i_e_l_d_s components
need be specified.
The _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s component says to search the bibliographic
databases for a reference that contains all the words in
_k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s. It is an error if more than one reference if
found.
The _f_i_e_l_d_s components specifies additional fields to
replace or supplement those specified in the reference.
When references are being accumulated and the _k_e_y_w_o_r_d_s
component is non-empty, then additional fields should be
specified only on the first occasion that a particular
reference is cited, and will apply to all citations of
that reference.
The _o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t and _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t component specifies
strings to be used to bracket the label instead of the
strings specified in the bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell command. If either
of these components is non-empty, the strings specified in
the bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell command will not be used; this behaviour
can be altered using the [[ and ]] flags. Note that leading
and trailing spaces are significant for these components.
The _f_l_a_g_s component is a list of non-alphanumeric charac-
ters each of which modifies the treatment of this particu-
lar citation. Unix refer will treat these flags as part
of the keywords and so will ignore them since they are
non-alphanumeric. The following flags are currently rec-
ognized:
## This says to use the label specified by the sshhoorrtt--
llaabbeell command, instead of that specified by the
llaabbeell command. If no short label has been speci-
fied, the normal label will be used. Typically the
short label is used with author-date labels and
consists of only the date and possibly a disam-
biguating letter; the ## is supposed to be sugges-
tive of a numeric type of label.
[[ Precede _o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t with the first string
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REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
specified in the bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell command.
]] Follow _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t with the second string speci-
fied in the bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell command.
One advantages of using the [[ and ]] flags rather than
including the brackets in _o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t and _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t is
that you can change the style of bracket used in the docu-
ment just by changing the bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell command. Another
advantage is that sorting and merging of citations will
not necessarily be inhibited if the flags are used.
If a label is to be inserted into the text, it will be
attached to the line preceding the ..[[ line. If there is
no such line, then an extra line will be inserted before
the ..[[ line and a warning will be given.
There is no special notation for making a citation to mul-
tiple references. Just use a sequence of citations, one
for each reference. Don't put anything between the cita-
tions. The labels for all the citations will be attached
to the line preceding the first citation. The labels may
also be sorted or merged. See the description of the <<>>
label expression, and of the ssoorrtt--aaddjjaacceenntt--llaabbeellss and
aabbbbrreevviiaattee--llaabbeell--rraannggeess command. A label will not be
merged if its citation has a non-empty _o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t or
_c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t. However, the labels for a citation using
the ]] flag and without any _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t immediately fol-
lowed by a citation using the [[ flag and without any _o_p_e_n_-
_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t may be sorted and merged even though the first
citation's _o_p_e_n_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t or the second citation's _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-
_t_e_x_t is non-empty. (If you wish to prevent this just make
the first citation's _c_l_o_s_i_n_g_-_t_e_x_t \\&&.)
CCoommmmaannddss
Commands are contained between lines starting with ..RR11 and
..RR22. Recognition of these lines can be prevented by the
--RR option. When a ..RR11 line is recognized any accumulated
references are flushed out. Neither ..RR11 nor ..RR22 lines,
nor anything between them is output.
Commands are separated by newlines or ;;s. ## introduces a
comment that extends to the end of the line (but does not
conceal the newline). Each command is broken up into
words. Words are separated by spaces or tabs. A word
that begins with "" extends to the next "" that is not fol-
lowed by another "". If there is no such "" the word
extends to the end of the line. Pairs of "" in a word
beginning with "" collapse to a single "". Neither ## nor ;;
are recognized inside ""s. A line can be continued by end-
ing it with \\; this works everywhere except after a ##.
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Each command _n_a_m_e that is marked with * has an associated
negative command nnoo--_n_a_m_e that undoes the effect of _n_a_m_e.
For example, the nnoo--ssoorrtt command specifies that references
should not be sorted. The negative commands take no argu-
ments.
In the following description each argument must be a sin-
gle word; _f_i_e_l_d is used for a single upper or lower case
letter naming a field; _f_i_e_l_d_s is used for a sequence of
such letters; _m and _n are used for a non-negative numbers;
_s_t_r_i_n_g is used for an arbitrary string; _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is used
for the name of a file.
aabbbbrreevviiaattee* _f_i_e_l_d_s _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_3 _s_t_r_i_n_g_4
Abbreviate the first names of
_f_i_e_l_d_s. An initial letter will
be separated from another initial
letter by _s_t_r_i_n_g_1, from the last
name by _s_t_r_i_n_g_2, and from any-
thing else (such as a vvoonn or ddee)
by _s_t_r_i_n_g_3. These default to a
period followed by a space. In a
hyphenated first name, the ini-
tial of the first part of the
name will be separated from the
hyphen by _s_t_r_i_n_g_4; this defaults
to a period. No attempt is made
to handle any ambiguities that
might result from abbreviation.
Names are abbreviated before
sorting and before label con-
struction.
aabbbbrreevviiaattee--llaabbeell--rraannggeess* _s_t_r_i_n_g
Three or more adjacent labels
that refer to consecutive refer-
ences will be abbreviated to a
label consisting of the first
label, followed by _s_t_r_i_n_g fol-
lowed by the last label. This is
mainly useful with numeric
labels. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is omitted it
defaults to --.
aaccccuummuullaattee* Accumulate references instead of
writing out each reference as it
is encountered. Accumulated ref-
erences will be written out when-
ever a reference of the form
..[[
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$$LLIISSTT$$
..]]
is encountered, after all input
files hve been processed, and
whenever ..RR11 line is recognized.
aannnnoottaattee* _f_i_e_l_d _s_t_r_i_n_g _f_i_e_l_d is an annotation; print it
at the end of the reference as a
paragraph preceded by the line
.._s_t_r_i_n_g
If _m_a_c_r_o is omitted it will
default to AAPP; if _f_i_e_l_d is also
omitted it will default to XX.
Only one field can be an annota-
tion.
aarrttiicclleess _s_t_r_i_n_g... _s_t_r_i_n_g... are definite or indef-
inite articles, and should be
ignored at the beginning of TT
fields when sorting. Initially,
tthhee, aa and aann are recognized as
articles.
bbiibblliiooggrraapphhyy _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... Write out all the references con-
tained in the bibliographic
databases _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e...
bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_3
In the text, bracket each label
with _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 and _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. An
occurrence of _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 immediately
followed by _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 will be
turned into _s_t_r_i_n_g_3. The default
behaviour is
bbrraacckkeett--llaabbeell \\**(([[.. \\**((..]]
"",, ""
ccaappiittaalliizzee _f_i_e_l_d_s Convert _f_i_e_l_d_s to caps and small
caps.
ccoommppaattiibbllee* Recognize ..RR11 and ..RR22 even when
followed by a character other
than space or newline.
ddaattaabbaassee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... Search the bibligraphic databases
_f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e... For each _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e if
an index _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e..ii created by
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iinnddxxbbiibb(1) exists, then it will
be searched instead; each index
can cover multiple databases.
ddaattee--aass--llaabbeell* _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_t_r_i_n_g is a label expression that
specifies a string with which to
replace the DD field after con-
structing the label. See the
LLaabbeell eexxpprreessssiioonnss subsection for
a description of label expres-
sions. This command is useful if
you do not want explicit labels
in the reference list, but
instead want to handle any neces-
sary disambiguation by qualifying
the date in some way. The label
used in the text would typically
be some combination of the author
and date. In most cases you
should also use the nnoo--llaabbeell--iinn--
rreeffeerreennccee command. For example,
ddaattee--aass--llaabbeell
DD..++yyDD..yy%%aa**DD..--yy
would attach a disambiguating
letter to the year part of the DD
field in the reference.
ddeeffaauulltt--ddaattaabbaassee* The default database should be
searched. This is the default
behaviour, so the negative ver-
sion of this command is more use-
ful. refer determines whether
the default database should be
searched on the first occasion
that it needs to do a search.
Thus a nnoo--ddeeffaauulltt--ddaattaabbaassee com-
mand must be given before then,
in order to be effective.
ddiissccaarrdd* _f_i_e_l_d_s When the reference is read,
_f_i_e_l_d_s should be discarded; no
string definitions for _f_i_e_l_d_s
will be output. Initially,
_f_i_e_l_d_s are XXYYZZ.
eett--aall* _s_t_r_i_n_g _m _n Control use of eett aall in the eval-
uation of @@ expressions in label
expressions. If the number of
authors needed to make the author
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sequence unambiguous is _u and the
total number of authors is _t then
the last _t-_u authors will be
replaced by _s_t_r_i_n_g provided that
_t-_u is not less than _m and _t is
not less than _n. The default
behaviour is
eett--aall "" eett aall"" 22 33
iinncclluuddee _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e Include _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e and interpret
the contents as commands.
jjooiinn--aauutthhoorrss _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 _s_t_r_i_n_g_3
This says how authors should be
joined together. When there are
exactly two authors, they will be
joined with _s_t_r_i_n_g_1. When there
are more than two authors, all
but the last two will be joined
with _s_t_r_i_n_g_2, and the last two
authors will be joined with
_s_t_r_i_n_g_3. If _s_t_r_i_n_g_3 is omitted,
it will default to _s_t_r_i_n_g_1; if
_s_t_r_i_n_g_2 is also omitted it will
also default to _s_t_r_i_n_g_1. For
example,
jjooiinn--aauutthhoorrss "" aanndd "" "",, ""
"",, aanndd ""
will restore the default method
for joining authors.
llaabbeell--iinn--rreeffeerreennccee* When outputting the reference,
define the string [[FF to be the
reference's label. This is the
default behaviour; so the nega-
tive version of this command is
more useful.
llaabbeell--iinn--tteexxtt* For each reference output a label
in the text. The label will be
separated from the surrounding
text as described in the bbrraacckkeett--
llaabbeell command. This is the
default behaviour; so the nega-
tive version of this command is
more useful.
llaabbeell _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_t_r_i_n_g is a label expression
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describing how to label each ref-
erence.
sseeppaarraattee--llaabbeell--sseeccoonndd--ppaarrttss _s_t_r_i_n_g
When merging two-part labels,
separate the second part of the
second label from the first label
with _s_t_r_i_n_g. See the description
of the <<>> label expression.
mmoovvee--ppuunnccttuuaattiioonn* In the text, move any punctuation
at the end of line past the
label. It is usually a good idea
to give this command unless you
are using superscripted numbers
as labels.
rreevveerrssee* _s_t_r_i_n_g Reverse the fields whose names
are in _s_t_r_i_n_g. Each field name
can be followed by a number which
says how many such fields should
be reversed. If no number is
given for a field, all such
fields will be reversed.
sseeaarrcchh--iiggnnoorree* _f_i_e_l_d_s While searching for keys in
databases for which no index
exists, ignore the contents of
_f_i_e_l_d_s. Initially, fields XXYYZZ
are ignored.
sseeaarrcchh--ttrruunnccaattee* _n Only require the first _n charac-
ters of keys to be given. In
effect when searching for a given
key words in the database are
truncated to the maximum of _n and
the length of the key. Initially
_n is 6.
sshhoorrtt--llaabbeell* _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_t_r_i_n_g is a label expression that
specifies an alternative (usually
shorter) style of label. This is
used when the ## flag is given in
the citation. When using author-
date style labels, the identity
of the author or authors is some-
times clear from the context, and
so it may be desirable to omit
the author or authors from the
label. The sshhoorrtt--llaabbeell command
will typically be used to specify
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REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
a label containing just a date
and possibly a disambiguating
letter.
ssoorrtt* _s_t_r_i_n_g Sort references according to
ssttrriinngg. References will automat-
ically be accumulated. _s_t_r_i_n_g
should be a list of field names,
each followed by a number, indi-
cating how many fields with the
name should be used for sorting.
++ can be used to indicate that
all the fields with the name
should be used. Also .. can be
used to indicate the references
should be sorted using the (ten-
tative) label. (The LLaabbeell
eexxpprreessssiioonnss subsection describes
the concept of a tentative
label.)
ssoorrtt--aaddjjaacceenntt--llaabbeellss* Sort labels that are adjacent in
the text according to their posi-
tion in the reference list. This
command should usually be given
if the aabbbbrreevviiaattee--llaabbeell--rraannggeess
command has been given, or if the
label expression contains a <<>>
expression. This will have no
effect unless references are
being accumulated.
LLaabbeell eexxpprreessssiioonnss
Label expressions can be evaluated both normally and ten-
tatively. The result of normal evaluation is used for
output. The result of tentative evaluation, called the
_t_e_n_t_a_t_i_v_e _l_a_b_e_l_, is used to gather the information that
normal evaluation needs to disambiguate the label. Label
expressions specified by the ddaattee--aass--llaabbeell and sshhoorrtt--llaabbeell
commands are not evaluated tentatively. Normal and tenta-
tive evaluation are the same for all types of expression
other than @@, **, and %% expressions. The description below
applies to normal evaluation, except where otherwise spec-
ified.
_f_i_e_l_d
_f_i_e_l_d _n
The _n-th part of _f_i_e_l_d. If _n is omitted, it
defaults to 1.
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''_s_t_r_i_n_g''
The characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g literally.
@@ All the authors joined as specified by the jjooiinn--
aauutthhoorrss command. The whole of each author's name
will be used. However, if the references are
sorted by author (that is the sort specification
starts with AA++), then authors' last names will be
used instead, provided that this does not introduce
ambiguity, and also an initial subsequence of the
authors may be used instead of all the authors,
again provided that this does not introduce ambigu-
ity. The use of only the last name for the _i-th
author of some reference is considered to be
ambiguous if there is some other reference, such
that the first _i-1 authors of the references are
the same, the _i-th authors are not the same, but
the _i-th authors' last names are the same. A
proper initial subsequence of the sequence of
authors for some reference is considered to be
ambiguous if there is a reference with some other
sequence of authors which also has that subsequence
as a proper initial subsequence. When an initial
subsequence of authors is used, the remaining
authors are replaced by the string specified by the
eett--aall command; this command may also specify addi-
tional requirements that must be met before an ini-
tial subsequence can be used. @@ tentatively evalu-
ates to a canonical representation of the authors,
such that authors that compare equally for sorting
purpose will have the same representation.
%%_n
%%aa
%%AA
%%ii
%%II The serial number of the reference formatted
according to the character following the %%. The
serial number of a reference is 1 plus the number
of earlier references with same tentative label as
this reference. These expressions tentatively
evaluate to an empty string.
_e_x_p_r** If there is another reference with the same tenta-
tive label as this reference, then _e_x_p_r, otherwise
an empty string. It tentatively evaluates to an
empty string.
_e_x_p_r++_n
_e_x_p_r--_n The first (++) or last (--) _n upper or lower case
letters or digits of _e_x_p_r. Troff special
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REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
characters (such as \\((''aa) count as a single letter.
Accent strings are retained but do not count
towards the total.
_e_x_p_r..ll _e_x_p_r converted to lowercase.
_e_x_p_r..uu _e_x_p_r converted to uppercase.
_e_x_p_r..cc _e_x_p_r converted to caps and small caps.
_e_x_p_r..rr _e_x_p_r reversed so that the last name is first.
_e_x_p_r..aa _e_x_p_r with first names abbreviated. Note that
fields specified in the aabbbbrreevviiaattee command are
abbreviated before any labels are evaluated. Thus
..aa is useful only when you want a field to be
abbreviated in a label but not in a reference.
_e_x_p_r..yy The year part of _e_x_p_r.
_e_x_p_r..++yy
The part of _e_x_p_r before the year, or the whole of
_e_x_p_r if it does not contain a year.
_e_x_p_r..--yy
The part of _e_x_p_r after the year, or an empty string
if _e_x_p_r does not contain a year.
_e_x_p_r..nn The last name part of _e_x_p_r.
_e_x_p_r_1~~_e_x_p_r_2
_e_x_p_r_1 except that if the last character of _e_x_p_r_1 is
-- then it will be replaced by _e_x_p_r_2.
_e_x_p_r_1 _e_x_p_r_2
The concatenation of _e_x_p_r_1 and _e_x_p_r_2.
_e_x_p_r_1||_e_x_p_r_2
If _e_x_p_r_1 is non-empty then _e_x_p_r_1 otherwise _e_x_p_r_2.
_e_x_p_r_1&&_e_x_p_r_2
If _e_x_p_r_1 is non-empty then _e_x_p_r_2 otherwise an empty
string.
_e_x_p_r_1??_e_x_p_r_2::_e_x_p_r_3
If _e_x_p_r_1 is non-empty then _e_x_p_r_2 otherwise _e_x_p_r_3.
<<_e_x_p_r>> The label is in two parts, which are separated by
_e_x_p_r. Two adjacent two-part labels which have the
same first part will be merged by appending the
second part of the second label onto the first
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REFER(1) BSD Reference Manual REFER(1)
label separated by the string specified in the sseepp--
aarraattee--llaabbeell--sseeccoonndd--ppaarrttss command (initially, a
comma followed by a space); the resulting label
will also be a two-part label with the same first
part as before merging, and so additional labels
can be merged into it. Note that it is permissible
for the first part to be empty; this maybe desir-
able for expressions used in the sshhoorrtt--llaabbeell com-
mand.
((_e_x_p_r)) The same as _e_x_p_r. Used for grouping.
The above expressions are listed in order of precedence
(highest first); && and || have the same precedence.
MMaaccrroo iinntteerrffaaccee
Each reference starts with a call to the macro ]]--. The
string [[FF will be defined to be the label for this refer-
ence, unless the nnoo--llaabbeell--iinn--rreeffeerreennccee command has been
given. There then follows a series of string definitions,
one for each field: string [[_X corresponds to field _X. The
number register [[PP is set to 1 if the PP field contains a
range of pages. The [[TT, [[AA and [[OO number registers are
set to 1 according as the TT, AA and OO fields end with one
of the characters ..??!!. The [[EE number register will be set
to 1 if the [[EE string contains more than one name. The
reference is followed by a call to the ]][[ macro. The
first argument to this macro gives a number representing
the type of the reference. If a reference contains a JJ
field, it will be classified as type 1, otherwise if it
contains a BB field, it will type 3, otherwise if it con-
tains a GG or RR field it will be type 4, otherwise if con-
tains a II field it will be type 2, otherwise it will be
type 0. The second argument is a symbolic name for the
type: ootthheerr, jjoouurrnnaall--aarrttiiccllee, bbooookk, aarrttiiccllee--iinn--bbooookk or
tteecchh--rreeppoorrtt. Groups of references that have been accumu-
lated or are produced by the bbiibblliiooggrraapphhyy command are pre-
ceded by a call to the ]]<< macro and followed by a call to
the ]]>> macro.
FFIILLEESS
//uussrr//sshhaarree//ddiicctt//ppaappeerrss//IInndd Default database.
_f_i_l_e..ii Index files.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
iinnddxxbbiibb(1), llooookkbbiibb(1), llkkbbiibb(1)
BBUUGGSS
In label expressions, <<>> expressions are ignored inside
.._c_h_a_r expressions.
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