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From: martillo@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Yakim Martillo)
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To: rms@prep
Cc: lbm
Subject: Gnu Emacs + X documentation
*** EOOH ***
From: martillo@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Yakim Martillo)
Date: Thu, 19 Dec 85 23:07:36 EST
To: rms@prep
Cc: lbm
Subject: Gnu Emacs + X documentation
This is the start of my X documentation.
I have not finished the last five sections yet. Please give me some
suggestions.
Joachim
Special Terminal Interfaces
Some terminals provide special capabilities which can be more
effectively used via specially written C functions rather than normal
termcap processing. To ease the use of these capabilities and aid the
integration of these C functions, special terminal hooks are provided.
The hooks are all externed in the source header file termhooks.h.
To determine the arguments, the interested user who wishes to develop
a special terminal interface should consult term.c.
For proper functioning of the user defined C termhook functions, the
user should make certain that the terminal characteristics as externed
in termchar.h are properly set.
Examples of how to use the termhooks can be found in xterm.c which
contains the Gnu Emacs to X interface.
Gnu Emacs to X Interface
The termhooks feature has enough power that termhooks need not be
restricted merely to the employment of special terminal capabilities.
Termhooks can be used to interface Gnu Emacs to special graphics
devices or window systems. Gnu Emacs interfaces with not a great deal
of difficulty to the MIT/Project Athena X Window system. With not too
much effort, a competent hacker should be able to interface Gnu Emacs
to the Sun, Apollo, or Blit Window systems.
What is X?
X is a network transparent window system developed at MIT by Bob
Scheiffler, Jim Gettys, Tony della Fera, Ron Newman and others. X is
a descendent of the Stanford V kernal system and Gosling's rectangle
management system. X has a standard protocol for communication with
an X server which talks to the high resolution graphics device driver.
The X developers have supplied a library libX.a which provides library
routines to handle typical graphics/window system commands. X is
network transparent in that a process running on a machine which wants
to make use of a high resolution graphics device will establish a
network connection to the X server which talks to the driver for that
device. The process will be a client of the X server. Since LAN's
typically can move data at megabit rates, running a window system in
this fashion has many advantages. For more information about X,
hackers are directed to "Xlib - C Language X Interface Version (?)"
written by Jim Gettys (DEC/MIT) and Ron Newman (MIT).
New Functionality of Gnu Emacs + X
Gnu Emacs running as a client of X provides very rapid line insertion
and deletion because bit blit commands are sent to the server and the
driver simply tells the device to move the pixels on the screen
directly. In fact, Gnu Emacs running under the xterm terminal
emulator can also cause bit blts to take place but bit blits via the
terminal emulator are rather slow because of escape sequence parsing
overhead in the terminal emulator and because of context switching
overhead as the bits take a merry trip through the pty interfaces and
drivers.
Gnu Emacs runs in its own X window and therefore no information is
lost from the xterm session from which the user invoked Gnu Emacs.
Gnu Emacs should probably be run in background from the parent X
session because then the user may continue to do more work in the
parent xterm session. As Gnu Emacs should be run in background, the
lisp form
(put 'suspend-emacs 'disabled t)
is passed to the Gnu Emacs lisp interpreter when Gnu Emacs is invoked
from an xterm terminal emulator. Should the user accidently type the
key sequence for suspend-emacs (initially C-z or C-XC-z), he will be
queried whether he truly wishes to suspend emacs. Unless the user is
confident he should reply n (= no).
If the user has an X window manager running, the user can resize the
Gnu Emacs window using the usual mouse sequences which have been
grabbed by the window manager. Gnu Emacs then automatically resizes
itself and updates the display.
By using the mouse window manager commands, the user can cause
formerly obscured sections of the Gnu Emacs window to be uncovered.
These sections have to be repainted. Since Gnu Emacs creates the Gnu
Emacs window by its lonesome, Gnu Emacs must repaint these sections of
the window all by itself. If Gnu Emacs is chugging away on some
global regexp replacement, Gnu Emacs may take its time in repainting
the display. (Similar repainting may take place on bit blits.)
With the Gnu Emacs to X interface the mouse becomes even more
powerful. Some mouse events (basically the ones not grabbed by the
window manager) are passed to Gnu Emacs. Gnu Emacs is informed of the
reception of such events because it receives the key sequence C-cC-m.
Therefore a user who wishes to use the Gnu Emacs to X interface should
not rebind this key sequence to any function.
This key sequence is bound to the lisp function x-mouse-mode which
goes and checks the special X Mouse Queue for mouse events. Each
control/shift/meta-mouse button sequence is associated with a defined
constant in the lisp file x-mouse.el. The constants are defined as
follows:
(defconst x-button-right (char-to-string 0))
(defconst x-button-middle (char-to-string 1))
(defconst x-button-left (char-to-string 2))
(defconst x-button-s-right (char-to-string 16))
(defconst x-button-s-middle (char-to-string 17))
(defconst x-button-s-left (char-to-string 18))
(defconst x-button-m-right (char-to-string 32))
(defconst x-button-m-middle (char-to-string 33))
(defconst x-button-m-left (char-to-string 34))
(defconst x-button-c-right (char-to-string 64))
(defconst x-button-c-middle (char-to-string 65))
(defconst x-button-c-left (char-to-string 66))
(defconst x-button-m-s-right (char-to-string 48))
(defconst x-button-m-s-middle (char-to-string 49))
(defconst x-button-m-s-left (char-to-string 50))
(defconst x-button-c-s-right (char-to-string 80))
(defconst x-button-c-s-middle (char-to-string 81))
(defconst x-button-c-s-left (char-to-string 82))
(defconst x-button-c-m-right (char-to-string 96))
(defconst x-button-c-m-middle (char-to-string 97))
(defconst x-button-c-m-left (char-to-string 98))
(defconst x-button-c-m-s-right (char-to-string 112))
(defconst x-button-c-m-s-middle (char-to-string 113))
(defconst x-button-c-m-s-left (char-to-string 114)).
To understand why these constants are so defined, the user should
check out the (C) definition of the lisp function x-mouse-mode in the
src file xfns.c. (I, Joachim Martillo not RMS, do not claim
this code handles mouse events in the best way possible, and all
involved with maintaining the Gnu Emacs to X interface would be open
to suggestions for improvement.)
Anyway, using these defined constants, the user may bind his own
defined functions to mouse sequences using the define-key command as
below:
(define-key mouse-map x-button-right 'x-mouse-select).
Mouse functions are defined like any of the other lisp functions in
Gnu Emacs.
Here, exempli gratia, is the lisp definition of x-mouse-select:
(defun x-mouse-select (arg)
"Select Emacs window the mouse is on."
(let ((start-w (selected-window))
(done nil)
(w (selected-window))
(rel-coordinate nil))
(while (and (not done)
(null (setq rel-coordinate
(coordinates-in-window-p arg w))))
(setq w (next-window w))
(if (eq w start-w)
(setq done t)))
(select-window w)
rel-coordinate)).
When the mouse sequence is received, x-mouse-mode checks out the mouse
queue, sees the defined constant associated with that button event,
looks up that defined constants binding in the mouse-map and then
invokes this lisp function with arg which is a list of the x and y
coordinates of the mouse when the mouse event under question took
place. The lisp symbol arg is bound to (x-coordinate y-coordinate).
The supplied mouse-functions and bindings are:
x-cut-and-wipe-text
Function: Kill text between point and mouse; also copy to
window system cut buffer.
Binding: C-Middle Button.
x-cut-text
Function: Copy text between point and mouse position into
window system cut buffer.
Binding: S-Middle Button (i.e. Shift-Middle Button).
x-mouse-keep-one-window
Function: Select Emacs window mouse is on, then kill all other Emacs
windows.
Binding: C-S-Right Button.
x-mouse-select
Function: Select Emacs window the mouse is on.
Binding: Right Button.
x-mouse-select-and-split
Function: Select Emacs window mouse is on, then split it vertically
in half.
Binding: C-Right Button.
x-mouse-set-mark
Function: Select Emacs window mouse is on, and set mark at mouse
position.
Binding: Left Button.
x-mouse-set-point
Function: Select Emacs window mouse is on, and move point to mouse
position.
Binding: Middle Button.
x-paste-text
Function: Move point to mouse position and insert window system cut
buffer contents.
Binding: S-Right Button.
These functions are invoked simply by positioning the mouse and then
pressing the correct key/button combination.
The cut and paste functions deserve special remark. The X server
maintains special buffers where data may be salted away. One client
may salt data away in a cut buffer. Then another client could request
this data. In emacs, data is salted away, by setting the point (you
could use the mouse to set the point) then moving the mouse to the end
(or beginning) of the text to be salted away and pressing shift
middle. If the text should be wiped out of the buffer as well as
salted away, C-Middle Button should be used instead of S-Middle
Button. To get the text back into this emacs or another emacs, move
the mouse to where the text should be inserted and invoke x-paste-text
via S-Right Button. The text can be pasted into any client of the
current X server from the current cut buffer using that client's paste
command. For xterm the paste command is also S-Right Button.
Other Gnu Emacs Lisp Functions
Command Line Arguments
.emacs File
x-switches
.Xdefaults
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Summary-line: 19-Dec lbm@ATHENA.MIT.EDU #GNU Emacs under X Writeup for Manual
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To: rms@prep
Cc: tower@prep
Subject: GNU Emacs under X Writeup for Manual
Date: 19 Dec 85 15:55:33 EST (Thu)
From: Linda B. Merims <lbm@ATHENA.MIT.EDU>
*** EOOH ***
To: rms@prep
Cc: tower@prep
Subject: GNU Emacs under X Writeup for Manual
Date: 19 Dec 85 15:55:33 EST (Thu)
From: Linda B. Merims <lbm@ATHENA.MIT.EDU>
Here's something you can put in the V17 manual to describe GNU Emacs under
X. I've added a couple of notes to you about things that didn't work
when I tried them. It has no formatting commands in it. I
don't know if we followed your naming conventions. It is important
for us to distinguish between "gnuemacs" and "emacs" for the next
six months while we convert our 2000+ users over from CCA, so I mention
that at MIT's Project Athena, things are a little different for
a short while.
I didn't put in anything about X-specific variables. I don't know
anything about them. I'm also a bit colloquial in places, to make
my point better with novices (who, for example, understand "cursor" better
than "point".) I also didn't document the -d display command option.
Nor are there any credits to, for example, Joachim Martillo. Up to you.
Hope this does you good.
Linda Merims
----------------------------------------------------------------
GNU Emacs on X Window System Displays
GNU Emacs works with the X window system. It starts
by "popping up" a new window on the screen. This can be a bit
disconcerting if you're not used to it. If you're on one of these
terminals, the easiest way to start up GNU Emacs is to type the same command
you would before, but to follow it with a &, as in:
emacs paper.mss &
The "&" runs GNU Emacs in the "background," freeing your original
window for other uses. (There are X-specific options to the Gnuemacs
commands that will be listed later.)
NOTE: GNU Emacs may be invoked by
different names at different sites. It is sometimes known
as xemacs. At MIT's Project Athena where GNU Emacs was first
adapted to X, the correct command is: gnuemacs until summer
1986, when it will become just: emacs.
Soon, you will see a small black box in the upper left hand corner of your
screen that reads, "emacs: 10 x 10". (This number represents
columns x rows.) You'll also see a small outline of a window with
a cross in the upper left hand corner of it. This is where the upper
left hand corner of your window will be. You can move this cross with
the mouse to any spot on the screen. You can then do one of three
things:
make an 80 column by 24 row emacs window -- click the left mouse button
make an 80 column by 65 row emacs window -- click the right mouse button
(the length will actually be however many lines long your screen
can hold. 80 by 66 is about the size of an 8 1/2 x 11 piece of paper.)
make any size emacs window you want -- hold down the middle mouse button
and move the mouse to create a window of any size. As you move the
mouse, the numbers in the upper left hand corner of the screen and
the rubber-band outline will expand or contract. Just release the
button when the window is the size you want.
Unless you make the window in any area that does not overlap any other
windows, you may have problems when you want to get back to a window
obscured by the GNU Emacs window. You need to know how to use the X
window manager, xwm, to move and shuffle these windows around. For
more information on the window manager, you can type man xwm, on
any Berkeley 4.3 Unix system with this user-contributed (/usr/new)
utility available.
Note that you cannot suspend (C-Z) a GNU emacs X window.
GNU Emacs and the X Mouse
When using GNU Emacs on an X terminal, you can take advantage of the
convenient, quick commands for moving point, setting the mark, and
cutting and pasting text. You issue these commands by pressing
the mouse's buttons alone or in concert with the SHIFT, CTRL, or
SHIFT-CTRL keys as follows:
left set mark ('x-mouse-set-mark) (RMS, this blinked cursor but didn't
actually set anything...lbm)
middle move the cursor (point) to where the mouse is. This is
like moving the cursor with C-F or C-N or the arrow keys,
only immediate. ('x-mouse-set-point)
right move to the window where the mouse is. Point is in the same
place as it was the last time you were in the window.
('x-mouse-select)
SHIFT-left
undefined
SHIFT-middle
take the text between point and mark and put it into the
X cut buffer. The text does NOT disappear from the screen.
It does NOT go into the emacs kill right. Used for copying
text. Recall text with SHIFT-right below. ('x-cut-text)
SHIFT-right
paste text from the X cut buffer to before point. ('x-paste-text)
CTRL-left
undefined
CTRL-middle
take the text between point and mark and put it into the
X cut buffer, AND the emacs kill ring. Text is deleted
from the screen. Used for moving text. Recall text with
SHIFT-right above, or any emacs kill ring command.
('x-cut-and-wipe-text)
CTRL-right
divide current window in two. ('x-mouse-select-and-split)
CTRL-SHIFT-middle
return to one-window mode, keeping the window the mouse is
in. ('x-mouse-keep-one-window)(RMS, this didn't always work...lbm)
Emacs Command X Window Options
These command options have meaning to the X window system:
-r use reverse video (white characters on black background)
-i use GNU emacs's bitmap icon (a kitchen sink) if the emacs
window is iconized instead of the xwm window manager default.
-font fontname
use fontname instead of the default vtsingle
-b borderwidth
make the window border borderwidth pixels wide. Default is 1.
-w windowsize
instead of relying on the mouse buttons to determine size and
placement of the GNU emacs window, make it this size. Size
is specified as:
=[WIDTH][xHEIGHT][{+-}XOFF[{+-}YOFF]]
The []'s denote optional stuff, the {}'s surround
alternatives. WIDTH and HEIGHT are in number of
characters, XOFF and YOFF are in pixels. X and YOFF are
the xy offsets from the upper left corner origin for the
upper left corner of the window.
GNU Emacs will check in the .Xdefaults file for default values for
these variables. (RMS, we're not sure what program name it's
going to be looking for...lbm)
GNU Emacs under X Variables
I don't know what these are. Sorry.