NetBSD-5.0.2/share/doc/psd/05.sysman/0.t
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.\" @(#)0.t 8.3 (Berkeley) 5/26/94
.\"
.if n .ND
.TL
Berkeley Software Architecture Manual
.br
4.4BSD Edition
.AU
M. Kirk McKusick, Michael Karels
.AU
Samuel Leffler, William Joy
.AU
Robert Fabry
.AI
Computer Systems Research Group
Computer Science Division
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA 94720
.EH 'PSD:5-%''4.4BSD Architecture Manual'
.OH '4.4BSD Architecture Manual''PSD:5-%'
.AB
This document summarizes the system calls
provided by the 4.4BSD operating system.
It does not attempt to act as a tutorial for use of the system,
nor does it attempt to explain or justify the design of the
system facilities.
It gives neither motivation nor implementation details,
in favor of brevity.
.PP
The first section describes the basic kernel functions
provided to a process: process naming and protection,
memory management, software interrupts,
time and statistics functions,
object references (descriptors),
and resource controls.
These facilities, as well as facilities for
bootstrap, shutdown and process accounting,
are provided solely by the kernel.
.PP
The second section describes the standard system
abstractions for
files and filesystems,
communication,
terminal handling,
and process control and debugging.
These facilities are implemented by the operating system or by
network server processes.
.AE
.LP
.bp +3
.sy echo -n >toc
.de Sh
.sy echo >>toc '.L\\$1 "\\$2" \\n%'
.ie \\$1=0 \{\
\fB\\$2\fP
.\}
.el \{\
.NH \\$1
\\$2
.LP
.\}
..
.de Fn
\fI\\$1\fP\\$2
..
.de Xr
\\$1\\$2
..
.de Fd
.sy echo >>toc '.Nm \\$1 \\$2 "\\$3'
..
.Sh 0 "Notation and Types
.PP
The notation used to describe system calls is a variant of a
C language function call, consisting of a prototype call followed by
the declaration of parameters and results.
An additional keyword \fBresult\fP, not part of the normal C language,
is used to indicate which of the declared entities receive results.
As an example, consider the \fIread\fP call, as described in
section
.Xr 2.1.1 :
.DS
cc = read(fd, buf, nbytes);
result ssize_t cc; int fd; result void *buf; size_t nbytes;
.DE
The first line shows how the \fIread\fP routine is called, with
three parameters.
As shown on the second line,
the return value \fIcc\fP is a size_t and \fIread\fP
also returns information in the parameter \fIbuf\fP.
.PP
The descriptions of error conditions arising from each system call
are not provided here; they appear in section
.Xr 2
of the Programmer's Reference Manual.
In particular, when accessed from the C language,
many calls return a characteristic \-1 value
when an error occurs, returning the error code in the global variable
\fIerrno\fP.
Other languages may present errors in different ways.
.PP
A number of system standard types are defined by the include file
.I <sys/types.h>
and used in the specifications here and in many C programs.
.sp
.ft C
.TS
l l l.
Type Value
_
caddr_t char * /* a memory address */
clock_t unsigned long /* count of CLK_TCK's */
gid_t unsigned long /* group ID */
int16_t short /* 16-bit integer */
int32_t int /* 32-bit integer */
int64_t long long /* 64-bit integer */
int8_t signed char /* 8-bit integer */
mode_t unsigned short /* file permissions */
off_t quad_t /* file offset */
pid_t long /* process ID */
qaddr_t quad_t *
quad_t long long
size_t unsigned int /* count of bytes */
ssize_t int /* signed size_t */
time_t long /* seconds since the Epoch */
u_char unsigned char
u_int unsigned int
u_long unsigned long
u_quad_t unsigned long long
u_short unsigned short
uid_t unsigned long /* user ID */
uint unsigned int /* System V compatibility */
uint16_t unsigned short /* unsigned 16-bit integer */
uint32_t unsigned int /* unsigned 32-bit integer */
uint64_t unsigned long long /* unsigned 64-bit integer */
uint8_t unsigned char /* unsigned 8-bit integer */
ushort unsigned short /* System V compatibility */
.TE
.ft R