NetBSD-5.0.2/share/man/man9/secmodel_securelevel.9

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.Dd November 21, 2007
.Dt SECMODEL_BSD44 9
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm secmodel_bsd44
.Nd traditional
.Nx
security model (based on
.Bx 4.4 )
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The securelevel mechanism is intended to allow protecting the persistence
of code and data on the system, or a subset thereof, from modification, even
by the super-user, by providing convenient means of
.Dq locking down
a system to a degree suited to its environment.
.Pp
The super-user can raise the securelevel using
.Xr sysctl 8 ,
but only
.Xr init 8
can lower it.
.Pp
.Nm
provides four levels of securelevel, defined as follows:
.Bl -tag -width flag
.It \&-1 Em Permanently insecure mode
.Bl -hyphen -compact
.It
Don't raise the securelevel on boot
.El
.It \ 0 Em Insecure mode
.Bl -hyphen -compact
.It
The init process (PID 1) may not be traced or accessed by
.Xr ptrace 2
or procfs.
.It
Immutable and append-only file flags may be changed
.It
All devices may be read or written subject to their permissions
.El
.It \ 1 Em Secure mode
.Bl -hyphen -compact
.It
All effects of securelevel 0
.It
.Pa /dev/mem
and
.Pa /dev/kmem
may not be written to
.It
Raw disk devices of mounted file systems are read-only
.It
Immutable and append-only file flags may not be removed
.It
Kernel modules may not be loaded or unloaded
.It
The
.Va net.inet.ip.sourceroute
.Xr sysctl 8
variable may not be changed
.It
Adding or removing
.Xr sysctl 9
nodes is denied
.It
The RTC offset may not be changed
.It
Set-id coredump settings may not be altered
.It
Attaching the IP-based kernel debugger,
.Xr ipkdb 4 ,
is not allowed
.It
Device
.Dq pass-thru
requests that may be used to perform raw disk and/or memory access are denied
.It
.Em iopl
and
.Em ioperm
calls are denied
.It
Access to unmanaged memory is denied
.El
.It \ 2 Em Highly secure mode
.Bl -hyphen -compact
.It
All effects of securelevel 1
.It
Raw disk devices are always read-only whether mounted or not
.It
New disks may not be mounted, and existing mounts may only be downgraded
from read-write to read-only
.It
The system clock may not be set backwards or close to overflow
.It
Per-process coredump name may not be changed
.It
Packet filtering and NAT rules may not be altered
.El
.El
.Pp
Highly secure mode may seem Draconian, but is intended as a last line of
defence should the superuser account be compromised.
Its effects preclude
circumvention of file flags by direct modification of a raw disk device,
or erasure of a file system by means of
.Xr newfs 8 .
Further, it can limit the potential damage of a compromised
.Dq firewall
by prohibiting the modification of packet filter rules.
Preventing
the system clock from being set backwards aids in post-mortem analysis
and helps ensure the integrity of logs.
Precision timekeeping is not
affected because the clock may still be slowed.
.Pp
Normally, the system runs in securelevel 0 while single-user and in
securelevel 1 while multi-user.
If a higher securelevel is desired while running multi-user,
it can be set using the
.Em securelevel
keyword in the startup script
.Pa /etc/rc.conf ,
see
.Xr rc.conf 5
for details.
Lower securelevels require the kernel to be compiled with
.Sy options INSECURE ,
causing it to always default to securelevel \-1.
.Pp
In order for this protection to be effective, the administrator
must ensure that no program that is run while the security level
is 0 or lower, nor any data or configuration file used by any such
program, can be modified while the security level is greater than
0.
This may be achieved through the careful use of the
.Dq immutable
file flag to define and protect a Trusted Computing Base (TCB)
consisting of all such programs and data, or by ensuring that all
such programs and data are on filesystems that are mounted read-only
and running at security level 2 or higher.
.Em Particular care must be taken to ensure, if relying upon
.Em security level 1 and the use of file flags, that the integrity of the
.Em TCB cannot be compromised through the use of modifications to the
.Em disklabel or access to overlapping disk partitions, including the
.Em raw partition .
.Pp
Do not overlook the fact that shell scripts (or anything else fed to an
interpreter, through any mechanism) and the kernel itself are "programs
that run while the security level is 0" and must be considered part of
the TCB.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr kauth 9 ,
.Xr secmodel 9 ,
.Xr secmodel_bsd44 9
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Elad Efrat Aq elad@NetBSD.org
.Sh BUGS
Systems without
.Xr sysctl 8
behave as though they have security level \-1.
.Pp
The security level 2 restrictions relating to TCB integrity protection
should be enforced at security level 1.
Restrictions dependent upon security level but not relating to TCB
integrity protection should be selected by
.Xr sysctl 8
settings available only at security level 0 or lower.