V10/man/man1/adb.1

.TH ADB 1
.CT 1 debug_tune
.ds TW \v'.25m'\s+2~\s-2\v'-.25m'
.ds ST \v'.25m'*\v'-.25m'
.ds IM \v'.1m'=\v'-.1m'\s-2\h'-.1m'>\h'.1m'\s+2
.ds LE \(<=
.ds LT \s-2<\s+2
.ds GT \s-2>\s+2
.SH NAME
adb \- debugger
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B adb
[
.I option ...
]
[
.I objfil
[
.I corfil
]
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Adb
is a general purpose debugging program.
It may be used to examine files and to provide
a controlled environment for the execution
of UNIX programs.
.PP
.I Objfil
is normally an executable program file, preferably
containing a symbol table;
if not then the
symbolic features of
.I  adb
cannot be used although the file can still
be examined.
The default for
.I objfil
is
.LR a.out .
.I Corfil
is assumed to be a core image file produced after
executing
.IR objfil ;
the default for
.I corfil
is
.LR core .
.PP
Requests to
.I  adb
are read from the standard input and
responses are to the standard output.
Quit signals are ignored; interrupts
cause return to the next
.I adb
command.
The options are
.TP
.B -w
Create
.I objfil
and
.I corfil
if they don't exist; open them for writing
as well as reading.
.TP
.BI -I path
Directory in which to look for relative pathnames in
.B $<
and
.B $<<
commands.
.PP
In general requests to
.I  adb
have the following form.
Multiple requests on one line must be separated by
.LR ; .
.IP
.RI [ address ]
.RB [ ,
.IR count ]
.RI [ command ]
.PP
If
.I address
is present then the current position, called `dot',
is set to
.IR address .
Initially dot
is set to 0.
In general commands are repeated
.I count
times.
Dot advances between repetitions.
The default
.I count
is 1.
.I Address
and
.I count
are expressions.
.PP
Some formats,
data sizes,
and command details have
different behavior
on different systems.
See the
.SM "MACHINE DEPENDENCIES"
attachment for details.
.SS Expressions
Expressions are computed with sufficient precision
to address the largest possible file;
generally this means a long integer.
On the VAX,
expressions are 32 bits;
on the Cray,
64 bits.
.TP 7.2n
.B .
The value of dot.
.TP 7.2n
.B +
The value of dot
incremented by the current increment.
.TP 7.2n
.B ^
The value of dot
decremented by the current increment.
.TP 7.2n
.B \&"
The last
.I address
typed.
.TP 7.2n
.I integer
A number
in the
.IR "default radix" ;
see the
.B $d
command.
Regardless of the default,
the prefixes
.L 0o
and
.L 0O
(zero oh) force interpretation
in octal radix; the prefixes
.L 0t
and
.L 0T
force interpretation in
decimal radix; the prefixes
.LR 0x ,
.LR 0X ,
and
.L #
force interpretation in
hexadecimal radix.
Thus
.LR 0o20 ,
.LR 0t16 ,
and
.L #10 
all represent sixteen.
.TP 7.2n
.IB integer . fraction
A floating point number.
.TP 7.2n
.BI \' cccc\| \'
The
.SM ASCII 
value of one or more characters.
.L \e
may be used to escape a
.LR \' .
.TP 7.2n
.BI < name
The value of
.IR name ,
which is either a variable name or a register name.
.I Adb
maintains a number of variables
named by single letters or digits.
The register names are
those printed by the
.B $r
command.
.TP 7.2n
.I symbol
A
.I symbol
is a sequence
of upper or lower case letters, underscores or
digits, not starting with a digit.
.L \e
may be used to escape other characters.
The value of the
.I symbol
is taken from the symbol table
in
.IR objfil .
.TP 7.2n
.IB routine . name
The address of the variable
.I name
in the specified
C routine.
Both
.I routine
and
.I name
are
.IR symbols .
If
.I name
is omitted the value is the address of the
most recently activated C stack frame
corresponding to
.IR routine ;
if
.I routine
is omitted,
the active procedure
is assumed.
.TP 7.2n
.BI ( exp )
The value of the expression
.IB exp .
.LP
.I  Monadic operators
.TP 7.2n
.BI * exp
The contents of the location addressed
by
.I exp
in
.IR corfil .
.TP 7.2n
.BI @ exp
The contents of the location addressed by
.I exp
in
.IR objfil .
.TP 7.2n
.BI - exp
Integer negation.
.TP 7.2n
.BI ~ exp
Bitwise complement.
.TP 7.2n
.BI % exp
If
.I exp
is used as an address,
it is in register space;
see `Addresses'.
.LP
.I "Dyadic\ operators"
are left associative
and are less binding than monadic operators.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 + e2
Integer addition.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 - e2
Integer subtraction.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 * e2
Integer multiplication.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 % e2
Integer division.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 & e2
Bitwise conjunction.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 | e2
Bitwise disjunction.
.TP 7.2n
.IB e1 # e2
.I E1
rounded up to the next multiple of
.IR e2 .
.DT
.SS Commands
Most commands consist of a verb followed by a modifier or list
of modifiers.
The following verbs are available.
(The commands
.L ?
and
.L /
may be followed by 
.LR * ;
see `Addresses'
for further details.)
.TP .5i
.BI ? f
Locations starting at
.I address
in
.I  objfil
are printed according to the format
.IR f .
.TP
.BI / f
Locations starting at
.I address
in
.I  corfil
are printed according to the format
.I f.
.TP
.BI  = f
The value of
.I address
itself is printed in the
styles indicated by the format
.IR f .
(For
.B i 
format 
.L ?
is printed for the parts of the instruction that reference
subsequent words.)
.PP
A
.I format
consists of one or more characters that specify a style
of printing.
Each format character may be preceded by a decimal integer
that is a repeat count for the format character.
If no format is given then the last format is used.
.PP
Most format letters fetch some data,
print it,
and advance (a local copy of) dot
by the number of bytes fetched.
The total number of bytes in a format becomes the
.I current increment.
`Long integers' are full words,
the size of an expression item:
e.g.\&
4 bytes on the VAX,
8 bytes on the Cray.
`Short integers'
are some useful shorter size:
2 byte short integers on the VAX,
2 byte parcels on the Cray.
.ta 2.5n .5i
.RS
.TP
.PD 0
.B r
Print short integer in the current default radix.
.TP
.PD 0
.B R
Print long integer in the current default radix.
.TP
.PD 0
.B o
Print short integer in octal.
.TP
.B O
Print long integer in octal.
.TP
.B q
Print short in signed octal.
.TP
.B Q
Print long in signed octal.
.TP
.B d
Print short in decimal.
.TP
.B D
Print long in decimal.
.TP
.B x
Print short in hexadecimal.
.TP
.B X
Print long in hexadecimal.
.TP
.B u
Print short in unsigned decimal.
.TP
.B U
Print long in unsigned decimal.
.TP
.B f
Print
as a floating point number.
.TP
.B F
Print double-precision floating point.
.TP
.B b
Print the addressed byte in octal.
.TP
.B c
Print the addressed character.
.TP
.B C
Print the addressed character.
Control characters
are printed in the form
.BI ^ X
and the delete character is printed as
.LR ^? .
.TP
.B s
Print the addressed characters until a zero character
is reached.
Advance dot
by the length of the string,
including the zero terminator.
.TP
.B S
Print a string using 
the
.BI ^ X
escape convention (see
.B C
above).
.TP
.B Y
Print a long integer in date format (see
.IR ctime (3)).
.TP
.B i
Print as machine instructions.
This style of printing causes variables
0, (1, ...)
to be set to the offset parts
of the first (second, ...)
operand of the instruction.
.TP
.B a
Print the value of dot
in symbolic form.
Dot is unaffected.
.TP
.B p
Print the addressed value in symbolic form.
Dot is advanced by the size of a machine address
(4 bytes on the VAX,
8 bytes on the Cray).
.TP
.B t
When preceded by an integer tabs to the next
appropriate tab stop.
For example,
.B 8t 
moves to the next 8-space tab stop.
Dot is unaffected.
.TP
.B n
Print a newline.
Dot is unaffected.
.tr '"
.TP
.BR ' ... '
Print the enclosed string.
Dot is unaffected.
.br
.tr ''
.TP
.B ^
Dot is decremented by the current increment.
Nothing is printed.
.TP
.B +
Dot is incremented by 1.
Nothing is printed.
.TP
.B -
Dot is decremented by 1.
Nothing is printed.
.RE
.PD
.TP
newline
Update dot by the current increment.
Repeat the previous command with a
.I count
of 1.
.TP
.RB [ ?/ ] l "\fI value mask\fR"
Words starting at dot
are masked with
.I mask
and compared with
.I value
until
a match is found.
If
.B l
is used,
the match is for a short integer;
.B L
matches longs.
If no match is found then dot
is unchanged; otherwise dot
is set to the matched location.
If
.I mask
is omitted then \-1 is used.
.TP
.RB [ ?/ ] w "\fI value ...\fR"
Write the short
.I value
into the addressed
location.
If the command is
.BR W ,
write a long.
Option
.B -w
must be in effect.
.TP
.RB [ ?/ ] "m\fI b e f \fP" [ ?\fR]
.br
New values for
.RI ( b,\ e,\ f )
in the first map entry
are recorded.
If less than three expressions are given then
the remaining map parameters are left unchanged.
The address type (instruction or data)
is unchanged in any case.
If the
.L ?
or
.L /
is followed by
.L *
then
the second segment
of the mapping is changed.
If the list is terminated by
.L ?
or
.L /
then the file
.RI ( objfil
or
.I corfil
respectively) is used
for subsequent requests.
For example,
.L /m?
will cause
.L /
to refer to
.IR objfil .
.TP
.BI > name
Dot is assigned to the variable or register named.
.TP
.B !
A shell is called to read the
rest of the line following `!'.
.TP
.BI $ modifier
Miscellaneous commands.
The available 
.I modifiers 
are:
.RS
.TP
.PD 0
.BI < f
Read commands from the file
.IR f .
If
.I f
cannot be found, try
.BI /usr/lib/adb/ f.
If this command is executed in a file, further commands
in the file are not seen.
If
.I f
is omitted, the current input stream is terminated.
If a
.I count
is given, and is zero, the command will be ignored.
The value of the count will be placed in variable
.B 9
before the first command in
.I f
is executed.
.TP
.BI << f
Similar to
.B <
except it can be used in a file of commands without
causing the file to be closed.
Variable
.B 9
is saved during the execution of this command, and restored
when it completes.
There is a (small) limit to the number of
.B <<
files that can be open at once.
.br
.ns
.TP
.BI > f
Append output to the file
.IR f ,
which is created if it does not exist.
If
.I f
is omitted, output is returned to the terminal.
.TP
.B ?
Print process id, the signal which caused stopping or termination,
as well as the registers.
This is the default if
.I modifier
is omitted.
.TP
.B r
Print the general registers and
the instruction addressed by
.BR pc .
Dot is set to
.BR pc .
.TP
.B R
Like
.BR $r ,
but include miscellaneous registers
such as the kernel stack pointer.
.TP
.B b
Print all breakpoints
and their associated counts and commands.
.TP
.B c
C stack backtrace.
If
.I address
is given then it is taken as the
address of the current frame;
otherwise,
the current C frame pointer
is used.
If
.B C 
is used then the names and (long) values of all
parameters,
automatic
and static variables are printed for each active function.
If
.I count
is given then only the first
.I count
frames are printed.
.TP
.B a
Set the maximum number of arguments
printed by
.B $c
or
.B $C
to
.IR address .
The default is 20.
.TP
.B d
Set the default radix to
.I address
and report the new value.
.I Address
is interpreted in the (old) current radix;
.L 10$d
never changes the default radix.
To make decimal the default radix, use
.LR 0t10$d .
A radix of zero (the initial default) is a special case;
input with a leading zero is octal,
that with a leading sharp-sign
.L #
is hexadecimal,
other numbers are decimal.
When the default radix is zero,
the default output radix is
appropriate to the machine:
hexadecimal on the VAX,
octal on the Cray.
.TP
.B e
The names and values of all
external variables are printed.
.TP
.B w
Set the page width for output to
.I address
(default 80).
.TP
.B s
Set the limit for symbol matches to
.I address
(default 255).
.TP
.B q
Exit from
.IR adb .
.TP
.B v
Print all non zero variables in the current radix.
.TP
.B m
Print the address maps.
.TP
.B k
Simulate kernel memory management.
.TP
.B p
Simulate per-process memory management.
.IP
.B $k
and
.B $p
are used for system debugging.
Their details vary with machine and operating system.
.PD
.RE
.TP
.BI : modifier
Manage a subprocess.
Available modifiers are:
.RS
.TP
.PD 0
.BI b c
Set breakpoint at
.IR address .
The breakpoint is executed
.IR count \-1
times before
causing a stop.
Each time the breakpoint is encountered
the command
.I c
is executed.
If this command is omitted or sets dot
to zero
then the breakpoint causes a stop.
.TP
.B d
Delete breakpoint at
.IR address .
.TP
.B r
Run
.I objfil
as a subprocess.
If
.I address
is given explicitly then the
program is entered at this point; otherwise
the program is entered at its standard entry point.
.I count
specifies how many breakpoints are to be
ignored before stopping.
Arguments to the subprocess may be supplied on the
same line as the command.
An argument starting with < or > causes the standard
input or output to be established for the command.
All signals are enabled on entry to the subprocess.
.TP
.BI c s
The subprocess is continued.
If
.I s
is omitted
or nonzero,
the subprocess
is sent the signal that caused it to stop;
if 0
is specified,
no signal is sent.
Breakpoints
and single-stepping
don't count as signals.
Breakpoint skipping is the same
as for
.BR r .
.TP
.BI s s
As for
.B c 
except that
the subprocess is single stepped
.I count
times.
If a signal is sent,
it is received
before the first instruction is executed.
If there is no current subprocess then
.I objfil
is run
as a subprocess as for
.BR r .
In this case no signal can be sent; the remainder of the line
is treated as arguments to the subprocess.
.TP
.B k
The current subprocess, if any, is terminated.
.PD
.RE
.SS Variables
.I Adb
provides a number of variables.
Named variables are set initially by
.I  adb
but are not used subsequently.
Numbered variables are reserved for communication
as follows.
.TP
.BR 0 ", " 1 ", ..."
The offset parts of the first, second, ...
operands of the last instruction printed.
Meaningless if the operand was a register.
.br
.ns
.TP
.B 9
The count on the last
.B $<
or
.B $<<
command.
.PP
On entry the following are set
from the system header in the
.IR corfil .
If
.I corfil
does not appear to be a
core image then
these values are set from
.IR objfil .
.TP
.B b
The base address of the data segment.
.PD 0
.TP
.B d
The data segment size.
.TP
.B e
The entry point.
.TP
.B m
The `magic' number
.RI ( a.out (5)).
.TP
.B s
The stack segment size.
.TP
.B t
The text segment size.
.PD
.SS Addresses
The address in a file associated with
a written address is determined by a mapping
associated with that file.
Each mapping is represented by one or more quadruples
.RI ( "t, b, e, f" ),
each mapping addresses of type
.I t
(instruction,
data,
user block)
in the range
.I b
through
.I e
to the part of the file
beginning at
address
.IR f .
An address
.I a
of type
.I t
is mapped
to a file address
by finding a quadruple
of type
.IR t ,
for which
.IR b \*(LE a < e ;
the file address
is
.IR address + f \(mi b .
As a special case,
if an instruction space address is not found,
a second search is made
for the same address in data space.
.PP
Typically,
the text segment of a program
is mapped as instruction space,
the data and bss segments
as data space.
If
.I objfil
is an
.IR a.out,
or if
.I corfil
is a core image
or process file,
maps are set accordingly.
Otherwise,
a single `data space'
map is set up,
with
.I b
and
.I f
set to zero,
and
.I e
set to a huge number;
thus the entire file can be examined
without address translation.
.PP
The
.B ?
and
.B /
commands attempt to examine
instruction and data space
respectively.
.B ?*
tries for data space
(in
.IR objfil );
.B /*
accesses instruction space
(in
.IR corfil ).
.PP
Registers in
process and core images
are a special case;
they live in a special `register' address space.
The contents of register 0
are located at address
.BR %0 ;
register 1
at
.BR %4
(if registers are 4 bytes long);
and so on.
.B %
addresses
are mapped to the registers
for the `current frame,'
set by local variable references,
and reset to the outermost frame
(the `real' registers)
whenever a process runs
or a stack trace is requested.
.PP
Simulated memory management
translations
(the
.B $k
and
.B $p
commands)
are done before the mapping described above.
.SH FILES
.F a.out
.br
.F core
.br
.F /usr/lib/adb/*
parameter files
.br
.F /proc/*
.SH SEE\ ALSO
.IR cin (1),
.IR pi (9.1),
.IR nm (1),
.IR proc (4),
.IR a.out (5),
.IR bigcore (1)
.br
J. F. Maranzano and S. R. Bourne, 
`A Tutorial Introduction to ADB' in
Bell Laboratories,
.I UNIX Programmer's Manual,
Volume\ 2,
Holt, Rinehart and Winston (1984)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
`Adb' when there is no current command or format.
Exit status is 0, unless last command failed or
returned nonzero status.
.SH BUGS
Either the explanation
or the implementation
of register variables
is too complex and arcane.
.SH MACHINE DEPENDENCIES
.SS PDP-11
Short integers (printed by
.B r
format)
are 2 bytes;
long integers
(printed by
.B R
format)
are 4 bytes.
Addresses printed by
.B a
format are 2 bytes.
.PP
Register variables match the hardware in the
obvious way:
.B r0
is at address
.BR %0 ,
.B r1
at
.BR %2 ,
and so on.
.PP
The default output radix
is octal.
.PP
.B $k
and
.B $p
are unimplemented.
.SS VAX
Short integers are 2 bytes,
long integers are 4 bytes,
addresses are 4 bytes.
.PP
Register variables match the hardware in the
obvious way: r0
is at address
.BR %0 ,
r1 at
.BR %4 ,
and so on.
.PP
The default output radix
is hexadecimal.
.PP
.B $k
sets the system base register pointer to
.IR address .
System space addresses are thereafter
mapped according to the system page table
starting at that physical address.
An
.I address
of zero
turns off mapping.
.PP
.B $p
sets the process control block pointer to
.IR address ;
user space addresses are thereafter
translated according to the user page tables
described by the PCB.
Kernel mapping must already be in effect.
.I Address
may be a physical address
(that of the PCB)
or the system space virtual address
of a page table entry
pointing to the PCB
(the number stored in
.IR p_addr ).
If
.I address
is zero,
user mapping is turned off;
addresses less than
0x80000000
will be treated as physical addresses.
.PP
The command
.L "$<crash"
will initialize registers
and mapping from a kernel crash dump.
.SS Cray
Short integers are 2 bytes;
long integers are 8 bytes.
Addresses are 8 bytes.
.PP
Registers are funny,
and yet to be described.
.PP
The default output radix is octal.
.PP
.B $k
and
.B $p
are unimplemented.