[TUHS] A PDP-10 used for UNIX just after the PDP-7?
Phil Budne via TUHS
tuhs at tuhs.org
Sat Jan 17 04:24:13 AEST 2026
Another PDP-10 footnote, which brings things back around to Ken
and UNIX:
BB&N had done a VM LISP for the PDP-1, but wanted a larger, timeshared
system with VM. They looked at the PDP-6 as ideal (a 36 bit word
could hold two 18 bit pointers for the CAR and CDR of a LISP list
element), but it was cancelled, but then they heard about development
of the PDP-10. BB&N tried to interest DEC in building in hardware for
paging, but as I previously noted, the DEC's emphasis at the time was
NOT making another overblown white elephant; the 24-bit SDS 940 (the
commercial version of the Berkeley modified SDS 930) had limited
address space, so BB&N picked the PDP-10 and built their own external
MMU (paging box). The project was led by Daniel Bobrow, and was named
TENEX. PDP-10s were a major share of systems on the early ARPAnet,
and most of them were running TENEX.
Here's the cruicial bit of UNIX co-history:
TENEX was designed in 1969 (and was up and running in under a year?),
and took feedback from the Multics team on complicated stuff they
should throw out, as well strong influences from the Berkeley "Genie"
time sharing system; The term for a process in TENEX is "fork").
Ken had used the Berkeley system before joining the Multics team.
(See DMR's "incomplete history of QED"(*))
In Ken's paper "Reflections on Trusting Trust" on the receipt
of the Turing award, he wrote:
I thank the ACM for this award. I can't help but feel that I am
receiving this honor for timing and serendipity as much as technical
merit. UNIX swept into popularity with an industry-wide change from
central mainframes to autonomous minis. I suspect that Daniel Bobrow
would be here instead of me if he could not afford a PDP-10 and had
had to "settle" for a PDP-11
Dan Murphy (who had created TECO for the PDP-1 at MIT) who had worked
on the TENEX VM system, and later went to DEC (first to port TENEX to
the KI10, the second PDP-10 CPU, which BB&N again failed to convince
DEC to implement their VM design in, but DID implement a much simpler
paging system, using the same page size as TENEX) to turn TENEX into
TOPS-20 has a page on TENEX, and whose reminiscences I have likely
mis-remembered above:
https://opost.com/tenex/
And includes a version of his history published by IEEE (in an issue
that also includes an interview with Gordon Bell including some
history of the PDP-6):
https://opost.com/tenex/ahc_20150101_jan_2015.pdf
And a longer version, written for a never-published book on PDP-10
history/lore, perhaps for the 1984 20th anniversary of the PDP-6?
https://opost.com/tenex/hbook.html
(*) https://www.nokia.com/bell-labs/about/dennis-m-ritchie/qed.html
Ken wrote a version of QED for the MIT CTSS time sharing system on the
7090, that the Multics team was using for bootstrapping, then QED for
Multics.
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