To expand on Branden's observation that translating from one member of the roff family to another is hard, I note that the final output usually presents a text in a shape that has been fine-tuned for appearance. In grammatic terms it might best be presented in transformational terms a la Chomsky: a basic text with a fairly simple grammar tweaked by pretty-printing transforms. Translation involves parsing input into an AST according to one grammar and unparsing to generate output according to another. Chomsky's work uses transformational grammars primarily for generation. I'm not aware of any implementation of the inverse: parsing according to a transformational grammar. Certainly no practical tools exist for doing so. Unfortunately, one doesn't consciously write roff according to the model I have outlined. This means that parsing it is more like parsing a natural language than a strictly defined programming language. So, the absence of formal tools is exacerbated. Roff scripts, like everyday English, are written according to an intuitive--and occasionally ad hoc--grammar that varies both with authors and with time. And seventy years of hard work has not yet fully automated the parsing of English. Doug