- TUHS - www.tuhs.org

Line Terminators in Text Files [Was: Re: Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed!]

by Nemo

On 02/09/2017, Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> wrote: > On Thu, 31 Aug 2017, Nemo wrote: > >> (By the way, why all the ^M is the files?) > > Err, because CR/LF was the line terminator? Hhhmmm... This begs the historical question: When did LF replace CR/LF in UNIX? N. > > -- > Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will > suffer." >

7 years, 9 months

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RIP Solaris

by Diomidis Spinellis

In case you missed the news, it seems that Oracle is effectively shutting down the development of Solaris. You can read an eloquent obituary written by Bryan Cantrill at http://dtrace.org/blogs/bmc/2017/09/04/the-sudden-death-and-eternal-life-of…. Diomidis

7 years, 9 months

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Re: [TUHS] Line Terminators in Text Files

by Doug McIlroy

> When did LF replace CR/LF in UNIX? Never. Unix always took LF as newline--an interpretation blessed by the ASCII standard. The convention was inherited from Multics. Interpolation of CRs was the business of drivers, not file formats. As far as I know, the only CR/LF terminal that original Unix dealt with was the model 33 console. That was identified by the fact that the login name was received in all caps. IIRC the TTY 37 conformed to Multics practice on the advice of Joe Ossanna. Because of the model 33, login names were case-insesitive. Come to think of it, I don't know whether they still are in general, though they must be for email to be delivered by login name. Doug

7 years, 9 months

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Re: [TUHS] Line Terminators in Text Files [Was: Re: Why Pascal isNot My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed!]

by Richard Tobin

> As I recall, the original definition of ASCII suggested that the > LF character was either "line feed" or "new line", and that if it > *was* new-line, it would be stand-alone. I have put a copy of the original ASCII standard (scanned images) at http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/~richard/ascii.tar I don't remember where I got it from. -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

7 years, 9 months

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Re: [TUHS] Future Languages

by Richard Tobin

> So we have some source (that you can have as well, Apache license) > that handles not strings but vectors of strings (or structs or whatever). > > I need to write up how it works, it's sort of clever. It stores both > the size of the vector (always a power of 2) in part of the bits of the > first entry and the actual length in the other part. Because we can > express powers of two in very little space we can support both values > in a 32 bit unsigned with a max length of used space of around 134M. I have something similar. It allocates space for two ints (number allocated and used) at ((int *)array)[-1] and [-2]. Typical use is LTVectorAndInit(char *, names); while(...) LTVectorPush(names, s); for(i=0; i<LTVectorCount(names); i++) ... names[i] ...; LTVectorFree(names); -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

7 years, 9 months

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Re: [TUHS] It is time to modernise "groff"

by Doug McIlroy

> > p) Remove the '-a' option (the ASCII approximation output). > > I didn't even know this existed. Looking at what it spits out, I find > myself wondering what good it is. Is this for Unix troff compatibility? > For people who didn't even have glass TTYs and needed to imagine what > the typeset output would look like? Here's a classic use: Since groff is not WYSIWYG, the experimental cycle is long: edit - save - groff - view. In many cases that cycle can be short-circuited by typing straight into groff -a. doug

7 years, 9 months

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Re: [TUHS] Introduction to {t,r,g}roff & co...

by Norman Wilson

Call me old-fashioned, but I still think the papers in Volume 2 of the Seventh Edition manual are a good straightforward start. There's a tutorial on troff, and papers introducing eqn, tbl, and refer. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

7 years, 9 months

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Introduction to {t,r,g}roff & co...

by Grant Taylor

Hi, Can anyone point to an introduction to {t,r,g}roff / pic / tbl / etcetera? I've respected them for years and with all the latest discussions about them I'd like to try and learn something. Any pointers would be appreciated. -- Grant. . . . unix || die

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed!

by Norman Wilson

Steve Johnson: I think of Alan Demer's comment: "There are two kinds of programming languages, those that make it easy to write good programs, and those that make it hard to write bad ones." ==== I'm (still) with Larry Flon on this one: There does not now, nor will there ever, exist a programming language in which it is the least bit hard to write bad programs. -- SIGPLAN Notices, October 1975, p. 16. There are certainly language that make it easier to avoid trivial mistakes, like buffer overruns and pointer botches, but the sort of nonsense Kernigan and Plaugher demonstrated and discussed about the same time in The Elements of Programming Style shows up in any language. I'm afraid I see that nearly any time I look in source code. To be fair, these days I rarely have the time to look at someone else's source code unless it's buggy, but it is nevertheless appalling what one finds in critical system software like boot environments and authentication code. There is no royal language to good programs. Programming well takes discipline and skill and experience. Languages like Pascal that prevent certain classes of sloppiness like overrunning arrays and string buffers may be better for teaching beginners, but only because that makes it easier to focus on the real issues, such as how to structure a program well and how to write clearly. I have yet to see evidence that that actually happens. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] Line Terminators in Text Files [Was: Re: Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed!]

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Chris Torek > termcap has entries for the number of NUL characters to insert after > carriage return. Actually, the stock terminal driver in V6 Unix (here: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V6/usr/sys/dmr/tty.c if anyone wants to see the actual code; it's in ttyoutput()) had some pretty complex code to do just the right amount of delay (in clock ticks) for a large number of different motion contral characters (TAB, etc, in addition to LF and CR), and then uses the system timer to delay that amount of real time after sending such a character (see the very bottom of ttstart()). E.g. for a NL, it used the fact that it 'knew' which column the print head was in to calculate the exact return time. Clever, but alas, it did this by sticking 'characters' in the buffered output stream with the high bit set, and the delay required in the low 0177 bits, which the output start routine interpreted; as the code drolly notes, "thus (unfortunately) restricting the transmission path to 7 bits". Which was a real PITA recently when I tried to download a binary file to an LSI-11 from a V6 running in Ersatz-11! I had to tweak the TTY driver to allow 8-bit output... Noel

7 years, 10 months

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Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed!

by arnold＠skeeve.com

Seek and ye shall find. Ask and ye shall receive. Brian Kernighan was kind enough to find for me everyone's favorite Computing Sceince Technical Report, CSTR 100, "Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language". Attached is the file and his macros. This will not immediately format using groff etc.; I hope to create a version that will, sometime in the next few weeks. In the meantime, Warren, please add to the archives when you are able. Enjoy! Arnold

7 years, 10 months

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Follow-on to the Pascal/C/etc. discussion

by Jon Steinhart

Hi everybody. I'm new to this list as a side-effect of my question about the provenance of strcmp and the convention of returning <0, 0, >0. I had to learn Pascal as a freshman in college which was challenging coming from BTL knowing C. Kept wondering how Pascal could be used for anything useful. The answer that I later saw in industry was "by adding non-standard extensions". Language discussions often turn to the issue of whether programming languages should prevent programmers from making mistakes or whether that's the job of the programmer. This is, of course, independent of discussing the expressiveness of languages. I agree that a lot of "programming" today consists of trusting and bolting together random library functions. That's not me; I often work on safety critical devices and I'm not going to rely on libraries of unknown provenance when building a medical device that I make be hooked up to it someday. Years ago I inherited a project written in hodgepodge of programming languages including ruby. My first reaction to ruby was "Wow, how do I get some of what they're smoking because it's better than anything I have?" I eventually asked Ward Cunningham about it because he was working for ruby house AboutUs at the time. His answer went something like this: Jon, you're an engineer and you understand engineering. You know programming and programmers and understand programming. Then, there are the people with whom we entrust our confidential credit card data. That's what ruby is for. This nicely summarized the current state of affairs in which the most critical tasks are assigned to the least competent people. I see this as a management, business, and political problem which can't be solved by different languages. I have often made the statement that "I would never hire someone who had to use glibc in order to implement a singly-linked list." I get push-back such as "Oh, and people can create bugs rather than using the debugged library?" to which I glibly respond "debugged library like OpenSSL?" I am more than a little terrified by the "everybody must learn to code in high school movement". What they're learning is something at a level akin to the ruby example above. The goal is clearly to make "coding" a minimum wage job and to many the distinction between "coding" and engineering is lost. I've spoken with many kids in the "future engineer" category who are frustrated at the lack of depth in the curriculum. I'd summarize it as teaching people to program without teaching them anything about computers. Anyway, I have been volunteering to teach technology to kids for years as karmic payback to my BTL explorer scout advisors Carl Christensen, Heinz Lycklama, and Hans Lie. Not to mention all of the amazing people that I met there when my dedication to hitchhiking up the the Labs after school and talking people into signing me in turned into a series of summer jobs. I'm in the process of turning my class notes into a book. The goal of the book is to teach kids enough about computers that they can understand what their code is actually doing and why one can write better code with an understanding of the hardware and environment. The book is in the editing phase so it's beyond wholesale changes. But I'm curious as to what you all think should be in such a book as I'll find a way to wedge in anything important that I missed. Thanks, Jon

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed!

by Diomidis Spinellis

And let's not forget Alan Perlis's: "A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing." https://en.m.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alan_Perlis -------- Original message -------- From: Toby Thain Date:02/09/2017 18:00 (GMT+02:00) To: Dan Cross Cc: The Eunuchs Hysterical Society , quad Subject: Re: [TUHS] Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language - Unearthed! ... Finally, a favourite quote: "Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute" -- Hal Abelson https://twitter.com/old_sound/status/903919515884544000 --Toby > > - Dan C. >

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] What was the first edition of UNIX that left AT&T

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: "Jeremy C. Reed" > I don't know the key for "v" but maybe means "very distant host" Yes. See: http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/jpg/ARPANet/L77Dec.jpg and look at the MIT-44 IMP (upper right center). It's listed as having a PDP-11, with the /v, and that machine (LL-ASG, 1/44) was definitely on a VDH (it was not in Tech Sq). (A VDH was basically an IMP modem interface hardware-wise, but made to look like a host at a high level within the IMP software.) > He also told me the Unix v6 Arpanet code was from San Diego. Err, he may have gotten it from San Diego, but they didn't write the code, it was written at UIll. See: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=SRI-NOSC which contains a copy of the code, which came to me via NOSC in SD. Noel

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] What was the first edition of UNIX that left AT&T

by Clem cole

I did hear back from Lou Katz - user #1. Indeed the first version that escaped the labs was the 4th edition. Sent from my PDP-7 Running UNIX V0 expect things to be almost but not quite. > On Sep 1, 2017, at 7:16 PM, Clem cole <clemc(a)ccc.com> wrote: > > Interesting. If O'Malley had a connection wonder what it was connected too on both sides. It had to be to lbl but the Vdh was a piece of shit even in the ingvax days. The first version was even worse. On the ucb side I wonder. It would not have been Unix because UofI did the original arpanet code and that was for v6. There was never a pdp10 at ucb so I wonder if it was one of the CDC machines which were the primary systems until Unix came to be. > > Sent from my PDP-7 Running UNIX V0 expect things to be almost but not quite. > >>> On Sep 1, 2017, at 5:59 PM, Jeremy C. Reed <reed(a)reedmedia.net> wrote: >>> >>> On Fri, 1 Sep 2017, Clem Cole wrote: >>> >>> So it means that UCB was hacking privately without taking to Katz@ NYU, or >>> the Columbia and Harvard folks for a while. I need to ask Lou what he >>> remembers. UCB was not connected to the Arpanet at this point (Stanford >>> was), so it's possible Ken's sabbatical openned up some channels that had >>> not existed. [UCB does not get connected until ing70 gets the >>> vdh-interface up the hill to LBL's IMP as part of the Ingress project and >>> that was very late in the 70s - not long before I arrived]. >> >> Allman told me that Mike O'Malley had an ARPA connection at UCB that was >> axed a few years before the INGRES link. So yes, I think no Arpanet >> connection during the early BSD development work. (Losing this >> connection may have had some controversy, but I don't know the details.) >> >> Fabry told me that O'Malley used Unix for his (EECS) Artificial >> Intelligence research projects before he discovered it (so before the >> October 1973 Symposium). >> >> RFC 402 of Oct 1972 has a ARPA network participant Michael O'Malley of >> University of Michigan Phonetics Laboratory. Also this draft report at >> http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=35… >> about the ARPA speech recognition project lists M. H. O'Malley at UCB >> and says the principle investigator from Univ. of Michigan moved to UCB. >> (I never go ahold of him to see if had any other relevance to my BSD >> story.) >> >>

7 years, 10 months

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What was the first edition of UNIX that left AT&T

by Clem Cole

I was recently asked a question that I was not sure the answer, so I thought I would pass it to this group of folks. What was the first edition that actually left Murray Hill and where did it go? My own first encounter was the Fifth edition but I know that was later. I'm pretty sure both Harvard and MIT had it before CMU. I'm thinking Fourth edition went to Harvard and some other places ??NYU?? ??MIT?? Did anything earlier than Fifth ever leave Murray Hill? I don't think UCB or UofI got it until the Sixth edition. I believe there was some earlier commercial site ??CU in NYC maybe?? may have been in there also but I have no idea what version that was. Doug do you know? Warren any ideas? Tx Clem

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language Unearthed!

by Doug McIlroy

> If Unix was written in Pascal I would've happily continued using Pascal! Amusing in the context of Brian's piece, which essentially says if Unix could have been written in Pascal, then Pascal wouldn't have been Pascal. doug\

7 years, 10 months

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CSTR 100 now on Github

by Arnold Robbins

Hi All. I have created a Git repo: https://github.com/arnoldrobbins/cstr100 I set it up with the original MS macros and a Makefile to create a PDF. THANKS again to Brian Kernighan for finding the document and sharing it. Arnold

7 years, 10 months

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Bell Labs history question

by arnold＠skeeve.com

Hi. For a project I'm working on, I wonder if the Bell Labs alumni present can tell me what was the default group for files for the researchers? That is, what group did ls -l show? In particular, in the late 90s - ~ V10 time frame. Much thanks, Arnold

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] CSTR files

by Doug McIlroy

> As a *roff fan, I'd love, love, love to see the original roff sources. > Especially anything that uses pic/eqn/chem/etc. I have the source for CSTR 155, a trilogy on raster ellipses. It uses interesting preprocessors that are, alas, mostly lost: ideal, prefer, eqn. (If anybody has ideal, I'd love to get it. Even its author, Chris Van Wyk, doesn't have it.) Doug

7 years, 10 months

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Ideal

by Noel Hunt

Doug McIlroy's mentioning `ideal' prompts me to ask something I've long wanted to ask. The only use I ever saw of ideal was in Peter Weinberger's memo about his C B-tree package. Was ideal used for anything other than that? Noel Hunt

7 years, 10 months

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CSTR files

by Aharon Robbins

Hi All. I have made a tarball of all the Bell Labs CSTRs that I could file: http://www.skeeve.com/cstr.tar.gz. It's just under ten megs. Warren, can we get this into the archives? Thanks, Arnold

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] CSTR files

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Arthur Krewat > That's not RUNOFF on TOPS-10 (or one it's predecessors) is it? No, RUNOFF on CTSS - _much_ earlier - CTSS RUNOFF was in '64, which was the year the PDP-6 came out. Noel

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] CSTR files

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: John Labovitz > I found the earliest succession of roff predecessors went something like this: > TJ-2 -> RUNOFF (capitals) -> runoff (lowercase) -> rf -> roff Did you manage to find out from Jerry if he knew of/anything about TJ2 when he did RUNOFF? Noel

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] arithmetic IF (was origin of string.h and ctype.h)

by Paul McJones

On Aug 17, 2017, arnold(a)skeeve.com wrote: > I remember reading an article somewhere on the history of the first > FORTRAN compiler. The guys doing it wanted it to succeed, and they > were fighting the mentality that high level languages could not possibly > be as efficient as hand-coded assembly, so they put a lot of work into > the optimization of the generated code. > > It worked so well that the results that came out of the compiler > sometimes suprised the compiler writers! They then would have to > dive into the compiler sources to figure out how it was done. > > I don't remember where I read this article. If the story rings a > bell with anyone, let me know. In his paper "The history of FORTRAN I, II and III” presented at the First ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of Programming Languages (1978), John Backus said: > It was an exciting period; when later on we began to get fragments of compiled programs out of the system, we were often astonished at the surprising transformations in the indexing operations and in the arrangement of the computation which the compiler made, changes which made the object program efficient but which we would not have thought to make as programmers ourselves (even though, of course, Nelson or Ziller could figure out how the indexing worked, Sheridan could explain how an expresssion had been optimized beyond recognition, and Goldberg or Sayre could tell us how section 5 had generated additional indexing operations). Transfers of control appeared which corresponded to no source statement, expressions were radically rearranged, and the same DO statement might produce no instructions in the object program in one context, and in another it would produce many instructions in different places in the program. The paper is available here, courtesy of ACM: http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/index.html .

7 years, 10 months

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CSTR 122 on CHEM?

by arnold＠skeeve.com

Does anyone have this, even just in PostScript? Thanks, Arnold P.S. Chem itself is at http://www.netlib.org/typesetting/chem.

7 years, 10 months

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[tuhs] new paper on Unix pipes

by Nelson H. F. Beebe

This new paper was published today, and it is open access, so everyone should have access: Diomidis Spinellis and Marios Fragkoulis Extending Unix Pipelines to DAGs IEEE Transactions on Computers 66(9) 1547--1561 September 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TC.2017.2695447 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Nelson H. F. Beebe Tel: +1 801 581 5254 - - University of Utah FAX: +1 801 581 4148 - - Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB Internet e-mail: beebe(a)math.utah.edu - - 155 S 1400 E RM 233 beebe(a)acm.org beebe(a)computer.org - - Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] arithmetic IF (was origin of string.h and ctype.h)

by Doug McIlroy

> [Fortran's optimization] worked so well that the results that came out of the compiler > sometimes suprised the compiler writers! Except when it didn't. They gave particular attention to nested loops with subscripted variables, exemplified by linear-algebra computations. But their algorithms behaved quite wildly on nonstandard loops. Vic Vyssotsky cooked up a nest of loops surrounding a single awful statement that filled up the maximum 10 continuation lines with triple subscripts in all permutations of several variables. That statement compiled into thousands of instructions, far more than a naively written compiler would have produced. doug

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] arithmetic IF (was origin of string.h and ctype.h)

by Paul Winalski

On 8/16/17, Doug McIlroy <doug(a)cs.dartmouth.edu> wrote: >>> the 709 added CAS > >> It was my understanding that the 704 had this instruction too > > Yes. It's in the manual. > > (I searched in vain for an online manual. A quick trip to the > attic turned up the real thing in less time.) > > Doug > >From what I've been able to determine, FORTRAN came out shortly after the IBM 704. Undoubtedly both were under development at the same time. So the question is, was arithmetic IF put in FORTRAN to take advantage of the CAS instruction, or was CAS added to the IBM 704 instruction set to provide hardware support for arithmetic IF? Or maybe neither? According to the Wikipedia article on FORTRAN, CAS was usually not the most efficient way to implement arithmetic IF anyway. CAS takes up four words of memory and takes three cycles to execute, whereas you can do it in two words and two cycles with the transfer instructions. -Paul W.

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Re: [TUHS] arithmetic IF (was origin of string.h and ctype.h)

by Doug McIlroy

> According to the Wikipedia article on FORTRAN, CAS was usually not the > most efficient way to implement arithmetic IF anyway. CAS takes up > four words of memory and takes three cycles to execute, whereas you > can do it in two words and two cycles with the transfer instructions. Though the article's conclusion was right, its numbers were wrong. As a correct discussion of possible implementations of arithmetic-IF would be long and essentially off topic, I have chopped most of it out of the article. doug

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] TUHS] origin of string.h and ctype.h

by Doug McIlroy

>> the 709 added CAS > It was my understanding that the 704 had this instruction too Yes. It's in the manual. (I searched in vain for an online manual. A quick trip to the attic turned up the real thing in less time.) Doug

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] origin of string.h and ctype.h

by Paul McJones

On Sun, 13 Aug 2017, Dave Horsfall wrote: > On Sat, 12 Aug 2017, Steve Johnson wrote: > >> A little Googling shows that the IF I mentioned was called the >> "arithmetic IF". > > Ah yes. It was in FORTRAN II, as I recall. It turns out the original FORTRAN (manual published in October 1956; code first shipped around April 1957) included the arithmetic IF as well as the assigned and computed GOTO statements — see chapter 4 of this manual: J.W. Backus, R.J. Beeber, S. Best, R. Goldberg, H.L. Herrick, R.A. Hughes, L.B. Mitchell, R.A. Nelson, R. Nutt, D. Sayre, P.B. Sheridan, H. Stern, I. Ziller. The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM : Programmer's Reference Manual. Applied Science Division and Programming Research Department, International Business Machines Corporation, October 15, 1956, 51 pages. http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/704/704_FortranProgRefMan_Oct56.pdf (For more on the original FORTRAN compiler, see http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/.)

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] origin of string.h and ctype.h

by Paul McJones

On Tue, 15 Aug 2017, Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> wrote: >> On Mon, 14 Aug 2017, Paul Winalski wrote: >> >> [ Ye olde 704 ] >> >>> TMP (transfer on plus) >> > That's rather an odd mnemonic… Actually, the 704 manual of operation gives the mnemonic as TPL: http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/704/24-6661-2_704_Manual_1955.pdf

7 years, 10 months

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origin of string.h and ctype.h

by Doug McIlroy

Jon Steinhart <jon(a)fourwinds.com> asked this question (not on tuhs). It highlights some less well known contributors to research Unix. > I'm trying to find out who came up with strcmp and the idea of > returning -1,0,1 for a string comparison. I can see that it's not in > my V6 manual but is in V7. Don't see anything in Algol, PL/I, BCPL, or B The -1,0,1 return from comparisons stems from the interface of qsort, which was written by Lee McMahon. As far as I know, the interface for the comparison-function parameter originated with him, but conceivably he borrowed it from some other sort utility. The negative-zero-positive convention for the return value encouraged (and perhaps was motivated by) this trivial comparison function for integers int compar(a,b) { return(a-b); } This screws up on overflow, so cautious folks would write it with comparisons. And -1,0,1 were the easiest conventional values to return: int compar(a,b) { if(a<b) return(-1); if(a>b) return(1); return(0); } qsort was in v2. In v3 a string-comparison routine called "compar" appeared, with a man page titled "string comparison for sort". So the convention was established early on. Compar provided the model for strcmp, one of a package of basic string operations that came much later, in v7, under the banner of string.h and ctype.h. These packages were introduced at the urging of Nils-Peter Nelson, a good friend of the Unix lab, who was in the Bell Labs comp center. Here's the story in his own words. I wrote a memo to dmr with some suggestions for additions to C. I asked for the str... because the mainframes had single instructions to implement them. I know for sure I had a blindingly fast implementation of isupper, ispunct, etc. I had a table of length 128 integers for the ascii character set; I assigned bits for upper, lower, numeric, punct, control, etc. So ispunct(c) became #define PUNCT 0400 return(qtable[c]&PUNCT) instead of if(c==':' || c ==';' || ... [or switch(c) { default: return 0; case ':': case ';': ... return 1; } MDM] dmr argued people could easily write their own but when I showed him my qtable was 20 times faster he gave in. I also asked for type logical which dmr implemented as unsigned, which was especially useful when bitfields were implemented (a 2 bit int would have values -2, -1, 0, 1 instead of 0, 1, 2, 3). I requested a way to interject assembler, which became asm() (yes, a bad idea).

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further off topic: Fortran was OK

by Charles H. Sauer

TL;DR - I learned procedural programming in Fortran, wrote essentially the same queueing network solution algorithms and simulator in Fortran, then PL/I, then Pascal. For those purposes, PL/I seemed best, but Fortran was OK. (With Fortran and PL/I) the critical issue was to avoid undesirable constructs of the language. When I got started with procedural programming at U.T. Austin C.S. in 1971, the dominant machine and language was CDC 6600 Fortran. For my dissertation I needed to write a queueing network simulator to attempt to validate approximate numerical methods I developed. Though by then Pascal was an option, Fortran seemed expedient. In 1975 I joined IBM Yorktown and was asked to dramatically enhance my simulator. It became the core of the “Research Queueing Package” (http://web.archive.org/web/20130627040507/http://www.research.ibm.com/comps…) For the first year or so, I continued to use Fortran. From my perspective, the biggest problems weren’t the bad features, which I could avoid, but the lack of more natural control structures, pointers, and something like structs. My managers lamented that I wasn’t using PL/I. I spent a couple of weeks crafting a SNOBOL program to successfully translate the Fortran to PL/I. For the next decade plus, RESQ development was in PL/I (even after I left Yorktown and subsequently left IBM). While writing Computer Systems Performance Modeling (https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0131651757/0596-2808191-282542) I wanted to illustrate the analysis, algorithms, and simulation concepts developed with RESQ, but be careful not to take anything directly from RESQ. So I wrote everything for the book in PASCAL. For a variety of reasons, I remember much preferring PL/I over Fortran and Pascal. The Pascal development environments I used weren’t as productive as the PL/I environments. Fortran was missing very useful constructs. But Fortran was OK, in my experience. -- voice: +1.512.784.7526 e-mail: sauer(a)technologists.com <mailto:sauer@technologists.com> fax: +1.512.346.5240 web: http://technologists.com/sauer/ <http://technologists.com/sauer/> Facebook/Google/Skype/Twitter: CharlesHSauer

7 years, 10 months

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Re: [TUHS] origin of string.h and ctype.h

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-08-13 19:24, Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> wrote: > On Sat, 12 Aug 2017, Steve Johnson wrote: >> A little Googling shows that the IF I mentioned was called the >> "arithmetic IF". > Ah yes. It was in FORTRAN II, as I recall. Still there in FORTRAN 77. >> There was also a Computed GOTO that branched to one of N labels >> depending on the value of the expression. > I think that was still in FORTRAN IV? Still there in FORTRAN 77. >> And an Assigned GOTO whose main use, as I remember, was to allow for >> error recovery when a subroutine failed... > A real ugly statement; you assigned a statement number to a variable, then > did a sort of indirect GOTO (or did the compiler recognise "GOTO I")? The compiler recognize "GOTO I". And I have to be assigned to a statement number (label). It has to be an integer variable, and when you assign it to a label, you cannot do any arithmetic with it anymore. And you assign it with a special statement. Thus, it can be used to store what label to jump to, but you cannot use arithmetic to set what it should jump to. > How those poor devils ever debugged their code with such monstrous > constructions I'll never know. It's actually not that hard. All this stuff is fairly simple to deal with. The real horror in FORTRAN is EQUIVALENCE, which can give C a fair fight for real horror stories. But of course, bad programmers can mess things up beyond belief in any language. (And I never went beyond FORTRAN 77, so I don't know how current versions look like. I stayed with PDP-11s (well, still do), and nothing newer than FORTRAN 77 exists there. :-) ) Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

7 years, 10 months

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Slightly [OT]: 12 year old bug quashed by debian

by Ian Zimmerman

https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=401792 I think this qualifies as history :-) At least for me personally, the last 12 years feel like a lifetime. It is significant that so far the report has not been ported forward to a newer emacs version (as it had been previously from 21 to 24). I have no newer version installed so I cannot check but I bet the bug is still present. Maybe someone else on the list can check? -- Please don't Cc: me privately on mailing lists and Usenet, if you also post the followup to the list or newsgroup. Do obvious transformation on domain to reply privately _only_ on Usenet.

7 years, 10 months

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Off-topic: any logic designers here?

by Warren Toomey

Hi all, sorry for this off-topic posting. I just came across this series of videos where a guy built a CPU out of 7400 series chips on a breadboard: https://eater.net/8bit/ Anyway, I thought it would be fun to do something similar but with a bigger address space and as few chips as I could get away with. I've got a design that works in Logisim, but I've never actually built anything before with real chips. So, if there's someone on the list who could quickly look at what I've done and point out problems or gotchas (or indeed, what ROM/RAM chips to use), that would be great! The design so far: https://github.com/DoctorWkt/eeprom_cpu Thanks in advance, Warren

7 years, 10 months

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SVR 3.2

by Tom Manos

Hi all, Sorry if this is the wrong place to ask... I started my home UNIX hobby in the mid-1980's with Microport SVR2 on Intel 286. With a couple of modems I started a public access UNIX system in Hampton Roads, VA. That system graduated to SVR3.0, 3.1, 3.2 on 386, and finally 4.2 with 4 modems running on an AST 4-port card on 486. That was about 1992 when I started an ISP using SVR4.2. That ISP, also in Hampton Roads, grew quite large. We were in 100 cities and partnered with newspapers and managed their content on the brand new web. By then we had graduated to large Alpha systems and Sun Enterprise. Now I'm all grown up and and experiencing a 2nd childhood. I run SVR4.2MP here on a real dual processor Pentium system, but I'd like to get back to SVR3.2 on period hardware, and later to r2. My problem is I don't have a copy and don't know where to find one. Do any of you happen to have a diskette (or disk image) set you can part with? Ideally I'd like a development system and networking. But I've always been an optimist :) I'm happy to pay reasonable fees. Tom

7 years, 11 months

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Photo of some Unix greats

by Dave Horsfall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Bellovin#/media/File:Usenix84_1.jpg Dennis Ritchie, Steve Bellovin, Eric Allman, Andrew Hume (I know him), Don Seeley, Mike Karels, Clem Cole... -- Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer."

7 years, 11 months

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SYSVR2,3,4

by Tom Manos

Thanks for the replies! I figured that like other lists I frequent, most here would be BSDish folk. Glad to know there are others with commercial AT&T experience. I know r2 has no networking and used UUCP extensively back when. I'll be using it for local transfer along with Kermit. My particular sickness requires me to run these operating systems on mostly period hardware. My SVR4 runs on all period stuff except I use SCSI2SD for the disk. Old disks are becoming hard to find and expensive, and I really don't want to be playing with MFM or RLL anymore. I'll likely try to find some kind of substitute. I know they are out there. I think r3.2 supported SCSI, so I should be ok there. Tom

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] Anyone know what a LANTERN is

by Doug McIlroy

I have no actual information about the lantern character, but a tapered "storm lantern" would be far down my list of guesses. The tapered chmney would much more likely be called a "lamp", for it's a standard shape for the oil (kerosene) lamps that everyone had before electricity. My top guess would be a carriage lantern with a Japanese garden ornament as a distant second. The carriage lantern would be an unfilled circle superimposed on a vertical rectangle, filled or unfilled. The rectangle might be simplified to two (interrupted) vertical sides. An alternate form of lantern would be a side view of a carriage (or picture-projection) lantern, schematized as a box, with a flaring projection to the right--an icon for shining light on a subject, also interpretable as a movie camera. A Japanese lantern would be tripartite: cap, body, and feet. Do any of these possibilities ring a bell? Doug

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] Anyone know what a LANTERN is

by Norman Wilson

Doug McIlroy: Do any of these possibilities ring a bell? ==== More to the point, do any shed light on the matter? Norman Wilson Toronto ON

7 years, 11 months

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Anyone know what a LANTERN is?

by Paul Ruizendaal

> Message: 1 > Date: Thu, 27 Jul 2017 11:58:38 -0400 > From: Random832 <random832(a)fastmail.com> > To: tuhs(a)minnie.tuhs.org > Subject: [TUHS] Anyone know what a LANTERN is? > Message-ID: > <1501171118.69633.1054588920.11864815(a)webmail.messagingengine.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" > > There is a character in the terminfo/curses alternate character set, > ACS_LANTERN, which is mapped to "i" in the VT100 alternate grapical > character set. This character is, in fact, on a real VT100/VT220 (and > therefore in most modern terminal emulators that support the full ACS), > "VT" (in 'control character picture' format, along with HT FF CR LF NL). > The ASCII mapping uses "#", and some CP437/etc mappings map it to the > double box drawing intersection character. > > Was there ever a real 'lantern' character? The manpage mentions "some > characters from the AT&T 4410v1 added". What did it look like? There's two references in the termcap manpages: http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/terminfo.5.html and http://invisible-island.net/ncurses/man/curs_add_wch.3x.html The second link mentions that the AT&T 4410 terminal added this glyph in the location of the VT100 VT glyph. Apparently what it looked like is lost, unless someone finds a detailed 4410 manual (or has a working one in the attic).

7 years, 11 months

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Anyone know what a LANTERN is?

by Random832

There is a character in the terminfo/curses alternate character set, ACS_LANTERN, which is mapped to "i" in the VT100 alternate grapical character set. This character is, in fact, on a real VT100/VT220 (and therefore in most modern terminal emulators that support the full ACS), "VT" (in 'control character picture' format, along with HT FF CR LF NL). The ASCII mapping uses "#", and some CP437/etc mappings map it to the double box drawing intersection character. Was there ever a real 'lantern' character? The manpage mentions "some characters from the AT&T 4410v1 added". What did it look like?

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] Photo of some Unix greats

by Peter Adams

That is such a great shot! Since we are on the topic of photos… I’ve been shooting portraits of some of these same people as part of a larger photo project called Faces of Open Source. If anyone is interested in taking a look, here they are: http://facesofopensource.com -P- — Peter Adams Photography | web: http://www.peteradamsphoto.com | Instagram/twitter: @peteradamsphoto @facesopensource > On Jul 19, 2017, at 7:00 PM, tuhs-request(a)minnie.tuhs.org wrote: > > Send TUHS mailing list submissions to > tuhs(a)minnie.tuhs.org > > To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit > https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/tuhs > or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help' to > tuhs-request(a)minnie.tuhs.org > > You can reach the person managing the list at > tuhs-owner(a)minnie.tuhs.org > > When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more specific > than "Re: Contents of TUHS digest..." > Today's Topics: > > 1. Photo of some Unix greats (Dave Horsfall) > 2. Re: Photo of some Unix greats (Larry McVoy) > 3. Re: Photo of some Unix greats (Dan Cross) > > From: Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> > Subject: [TUHS] Photo of some Unix greats > Date: July 19, 2017 at 3:48:48 PM PDT > To: The Eunuchs Hysterical Society <tuhs(a)tuhs.org> > > > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Bellovin#/media/File:Usenix84_1.jpg > > Dennis Ritchie, Steve Bellovin, Eric Allman, Andrew Hume (I know him), Don Seeley, Mike Karels, Clem Cole... > > -- > Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer." > > > > > From: Larry McVoy <lm(a)mcvoy.com> > Subject: Re: [TUHS] Photo of some Unix greats > Date: July 19, 2017 at 4:35:05 PM PDT > To: Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> > Cc: The Eunuchs Hysterical Society <tuhs(a)tuhs.org> > > > It's a cool picture, thanks. Brings back lots of memories and makes me > hate being younger than that crowd, would have loved to have been there. > I was just far enough along at that point to have a job sys admining some > of Clem's work products, 3 Masscomps. Think I was a junior in college. > > Great picture, good people. > > On Thu, Jul 20, 2017 at 08:48:48AM +1000, Dave Horsfall wrote: >> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Bellovin#/media/File:Usenix84_1.jpg >> >> Dennis Ritchie, Steve Bellovin, Eric Allman, Andrew Hume (I know him), Don >> Seeley, Mike Karels, Clem Cole... >> >> -- >> Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer." > > -- > --- > Larry McVoy lm at mcvoy.com http://www.mcvoy.com/lm > > > > > From: Dan Cross <crossd(a)gmail.com> > Subject: Re: [TUHS] Photo of some Unix greats > Date: July 19, 2017 at 6:22:47 PM PDT > To: Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> > Cc: The Eunuchs Hysterical Society <tuhs(a)tuhs.org> > > > I like how Andrew Hume is defying the weather. Like a boss. > > On Wed, Jul 19, 2017 at 6:48 PM, Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org <mailto:dave@horsfall.org>> wrote: > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Bellovin#/media/File:Usenix84_1.jpg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_M._Bellovin#/media/File:Usenix84_1.jpg> > > Dennis Ritchie, Steve Bellovin, Eric Allman, Andrew Hume (I know him), Don Seeley, Mike Karels, Clem Cole... > > -- > Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer." > > > > _______________________________________________ > TUHS mailing list > TUHS(a)minnie.tuhs.org > https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/tuhs

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] Filename wildcarding (was: origin of the name 'glob')

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-07-09 23:44, ron minnich <rminnich(a)gmail.com> wrote: > On Sun, Jul 9, 2017 at 2:29 PM Dave Horsfall <dave(a)horsfall.org> wrote: >> >> I vaguely remember something like "PIP *.TXT *.OLD" to rename files (the >> "*" was interpreted by the command itself, not the interpreter). Well, that would not rename files, but copy them and at the same time changing their names. But you could also do renaming in a similar way, but usually it would require a switch to PIP telling it that you wanted the files renamed, and not copied. Also, the syntax of PIP, and the order of arguments is a bit different. At least the versions I can remember right now, it would be: PIP *.OLD=*.TXT to copy, and PIP *.OLD/RE=*.TXT to rename. And yes, it is the program who process the wildcard expansions, and not the command interpreter. Which is why commands like the ones above worked. This is one of those classical examples you get to when comparing Unix with DEC OSes about wildcarding, and the effects the different ways they are done have on the result. (In Unix, you can't do such a mass copy and rename in the same way.) > All the DEC-10 and 11 operating systems I used had that wildcard, as well > as IIRC even the PDP-8, maybe someone can confirm the -8. Yes. It's the same on the OSes I've used on PDP-8s as well. I would say that the globbing in Unix have much less to do with regular expressions and much more to do with trying to mimic what DEC was doing in their OSes. > It would have been nice had RE's been the standard way to glob files, but, > that said, when I mention .*\.c to people instead of *.c they don't much > like it. In a way, it would have made more sense to just use standard RE's for globbing, but that didn't happen. And like I said, I suspect it was because DEC OSes did it this way, and Unix just mimicked it. Same I guess with the convention of '.' to separate filename from type. Even though it's less pervasive in Unix than in DEC systems. Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] origin of the name 'glob'

by Doug McIlroy

Glob was an an accident. When Ken and Dennis wanted to put wildcards (an anachronistic word--it wasn't used in the Unix lab at the time) into the shell, there wasn't room, so they came up with the clever hack of calling another process to do the work. I have always understood that glob meant global because commands like rm * would be applied to every file in a directory. A relationship to ed's g command was clear, but not primary in my mind. One curious fact is that from day one the word hase been pronounced glob, not globe. (By contrast, creat has been variously pronounced cree-at and create.) It is also interesting to speculate on whether there would be a glob library routine in Linux had glob only been an identifier in sh.c rather than an entry in /bin. I believe the simple * was borrowed from somewhere else. If the g command had been the driving model, glob would probably have had ? and ?*, not ? and *. (It couldn't use ed's . because . was ubiquitous in file names.) My etymology is somewhat different from Steve's. But I never asked the originator(s). Steve, did you? Doug

7 years, 11 months

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Regular Expressions (was Re: origin of the name 'glob')

by Paul Winalski

On 7/9/17, ron minnich <rminnich(a)gmail.com> wrote: >> > All the DEC-10 and 11 operating systems I used had that wildcard, as well > as IIRC even the PDP-8, maybe someone can confirm the -8. > > It would have been nice had RE's been the standard way to glob files, but, > that said, when I mention .*\.c to people instead of *.c they don't much > like it. So when were REs first designed and implemented? I would imagine that they came about as a way to extend the old '*' and '?' wildcard syntax, but that is only a guess. -Paul W.

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] Regular Expressions (was Re: origin of the name 'glob')

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Paul Winalski > So when were REs first designed and implemented? I would imagine that > they came about as a way to extend the old '*' and '?' wildcard syntax, > but that is only a guess. I would suspect in the context of editors, not command file-naming. Don't have time to research it, though. Try checking CTSS, early Multics, etc. Noel

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] origin of the name 'glob'

by Norman Wilson

Doug McIlroy: One curious fact is that from day one the word hase been pronounced glob, not globe. (By contrast, creat has been variously pronounced cree-at and create.) ===== On the other hand, the UNIX Room pronunciation of `cron' rhymed with bone, not with spawn. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

7 years, 11 months

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Re: [TUHS] origin of the name 'glob'

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Ron Minnich > Why was it called glob? I always wondered. Something about global expressions. I recall reading about this somewhere; I tried looking in the man page: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/man/man7/glob.7 but it didn't go into any detail. I don't know where I could have seen it, alas... Noel

7 years, 11 months

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origin of the name 'glob'

by ron minnich

Why was it called glob? I always wondered.

7 years, 11 months

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DR11-W - anyone need one?

by Arthur Krewat

Probably no one here wants it, but I have a DR11-W UNIBUS board: http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/dec/unibus/DR11W_UsersMan.pdf It's basically a 16-bit DMA interface that can actually do 500Kw per second (woo hoo! 1MB/sec!) to another DR11-W Anyone need it? Want it? Figured I'd try here first, in case we had some historic UNIX people that were still running a UNIBUS PDP-11 (or VAX). No takers in a few weeks, I'll try the museums next. thanks art k.

7 years, 12 months

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Re: [TUHS] DR11-W - anyone need one?

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Toby Thain > Are we to infer that neither Noel and Clem are "good homes"? Well, I said something like 'I don't have an immediate need for it, but I'd be happy to take it', so I guess the question is 'does someone have an actual, immediate use for it' (which I don't)? Noel

7 years, 12 months

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Adventure shell / Doug Gwyn

by David

Does anyone here remember the Adventure Shell? Doug wrote it back in 83, and I just stumbled across a copy in an RCS directory. Invoked as ‘ash’ it was pretty clever. I’ve lost the instructions and help files, however I’ve got the main script. Back when people did weird things because it was fun. David

8 years

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Re: [TUHS] What did cc -2 do?

by Richard Tobin

> Browsing the source for "cc" in v6 and v7, if invoked with -2 would > replace crt0.o with crt2.o. If the -2 were followed by another character > (probably intended to be -20), it would use crt20.o and use -l2 instead > of -lc. > > These options seem to be undocumented, and I can't find any source code > of these libraries or indication as to what the purpose was. The "scc" man page for System V may be enlightening, as it mentions similarly-named files: NAME scc - C compiler for stand-alone programs SYNOPSIS scc [ +[ lib ] ] [ option ] ... [ file ] ... DESCRIPTION Scc prepares the named files for stand-alone execution. [...] FILES /lib/crt2.o execution start-off /usr/lib/lib2.a stand-alone library /usr/lib/lib2A.a +A configuration library /usr/lib/lib2B.a +B configuration library -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

8 years

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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Walter F.J. Mueller

Hi, two remarks on the issues around FPSIM and tcsh: I of course wondered by a line like mov $4..,r0 is accepted by 'as', I naively expected that this should cause an error. I didn't locate the 211bsd 'as' manual, so checked 7th Edition manuals, which can be found under https://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/7thEdManVol2/ The assembler manual, see https://wolfram.schneider.org/bsd/7thEdManVol2/assembler/assembler.pdf states 6.1 Expression operators The operators are: (blank) when there is no operand between operands, the effect is exactly the same as if a ‘+’ had appeared. So the lexer sees two tokens $4. --> number . --> symbol for location counter and, because the default operator is '+', interprets this as mov $4. + . , r0 which ends up being a number in the 160000 to 177777 range. So 'as' is not to blame, works as designed. Noel Chippa wrote: > I'm fairly amazed that apparently nobody has run across one of these 4 before! > (Or, at least, not bothered to report it.) > I wonder how long that bug has been in the code? The answer is: this bug was in 211bsd all the time. Steven Schultz told me that that they simply didn't have a way to test FPSIM because all machines had FPP, and the only way of testing would have been to physically remove the FP11 from a 11/70. With best regards, Walter

8 years

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What did cc -2 do?

by Random832

Browsing the source for "cc" in v6 and v7, if invoked with -2 would replace crt0.o with crt2.o. If the -2 were followed by another character (probably intended to be -20), it would use crt20.o and use -l2 instead of -lc. These options seem to be undocumented, and I can't find any source code of these libraries or indication as to what the purpose was.

8 years

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Obscure Blit menu data structure

by Noel Hunt

I was hoping someone on the list who remembers 'mhit.c' from the Blit library code could shed some light on some members of the 'NMitem' structure. I believe that 'mhit' (sometimes 'hmenunit') was written by Andrew Hume. The structure in question is this: typedef struct NMitem { char *text; char *help; struct NMenu *next; void (*dfn)(), (*bfn)(), (*hfn)(); long data; /* user only */ } NMitem; The three functions are called at different times when a menu is being traversed, but 'dfn' and 'bfn' are only called before a submenu is entered, and after a submenu is exited, respectively. 'hfn' is called whenever an item has been selected. I have never seen 'dfn' and 'bfn' used in any Bell Labs code so I was wondering what the rationale for their existence was. Noel Hunt

8 years

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International conference: "Unix in Europe : between innovation, diffusion and heritage"

by Paloque-berges Camille

Dear THUS list, I am a recent lurker on this list, also a history and communication scholar looking at pieces of Unix history for my research. I hope it is okay if I share with you the news of a historical conference on Unix that we are organizing in France next Fall with fellow humanities scholars and computer scientists and engineers involved in the history and heritage of computing and computers. You are of course welcomed, even encouraged, to submit a proposal. It will be a pleasure to meet you at this conference in any case. Best, Camille Paloque-Berges *** Please find enclosed the CFP for the *international conference**"Unix in Europe: between innovation, diffusion and heritage"* that will take place in Cnam (Paris, France), October, 19th, 2017. A one-page abstract (maximum 500 words) with a short biography is expected for June 30th 2017. The Cfp is also available at : <http://technique-societe.cnam.fr/international-symposium-unix-in-europe-bet…>. Best regards, The organization comitee : Isabelle Astic, Raphaël Fournier-S'niehotta, Pierre-Eric Mounier-Kuhn, Camille Paloque-Berges, Loïc Petitgirard ------------------------------------------------------------ *Call for contributions* *International symposium * *Unix in Europe: between innovation, diffusion and heritage* */Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France – October 19 2017/* ** Communications and discussions will be held in French or English. * * *Rationale* * * **The Unix system was born in the 1970s at the crossroads between two interacting worlds: industry (the Bell Labs at AT&T) and academia (the University of Berkeley computer science network). Its fast adoption throughout computer research and engineering networks across the world signaled the future success of the new system, fostering software experiments within its open, multi-user and multi-tasking system running on mini-computers – and later compatible with a larger part of computer hardware. In the European context, how was this American innovation propagated, adopted and adapted? Why was Unix of so much interest in this context, then and now? A solid culture of Unix users might also explain this success, as well as subsequent processes of appropriation and inheritance, due to the long and complex history of Unix versioning. The memory of Unix users is vivid indeed, fed by early accounts within the computer world (Salus, 1994) as well as preservation initiatives (Toomey, 2010). Moreover, the Unix system is a crucial reference in the history of computing, in particular in the field of free and open source software (Kelty, 2008), computer networks (Paloque-Berges, 2017), as well as in programming language philosophy (Mélès, 2013). In order to explore the variety of these interrogations, this symposium encourages contributions from historians as well as philosophers, social science researchers, and heritage professionals interested in the history of computer open systems and software with a focus on Unix or who have a wider perspective. It will also welcome protagonists and witnesses of Unix culture and carriers of its memory. We wish to discuss and shed light on several aspects of the development of Unix in Europe (including in comparison or relation with the rest of the world) along three main lines: historical and sociological, philosophical and epistemological, and heritage- and preservation-oriented. *1/ Historical and sociological perspectives* * * Historically, the Unix system is linked to the promotion and development in research on open systems and computer networks. How does this fit in the context of industrial, scientific and technological policies defined at the national and European level? The history of Unix thus reaches at least three levels of interrogations: 1/ the forms, places and practices of innovation around Unix in R&D labs and computing centers in companies, schools and universities; 2/ planning, promoting and negotiating open systems (norms and standards) from the perspective of science and/or politics; 3/ international geopolitical relations, whether economical or geopolitical and even geostrategic (for example between Unix users, with users of other computer equipment or other hardware and software companies, the role of embargos in the shipping of mini-computers, of code, and military uses of Unix). In parallel, how has the world of computer research welcomed, encouraged, negotiated and propagated uses and innovations related to Unix systems? This begs the question of how Unix-related research and development was legitimized - or played a part in the legitimization of computer science experimentalism in the scientific field and beyond. We would also like to highlight practices of resistance, the failure to acknowledge, ignorance of or even the limits of the Unix system, its software tools and hardware environment (beginning with the famous PDP and Vax machines from Digital Equipment where the first Unix versions were implemented). With a focus on occupational computer uses, we call for analysis which aims to explore and clarify: - the role of developers, users, and user associations – from the point of view of pioneers as well as helpers, maintainers and other witnesses of the implementation of Unix; - the context, process, and people who determined its propagation, appropriation, and development over time; - the meaning of concepts of Unix philosophy and ethics such as “openness” and “autonomy”, from a social, political or economic point of view. *2. Philosophical and epistemological perspectives* We will foster research and reflection at the crossroad of the theoretical foundations of computer systems and engineering pragmatism, between the philosophy of computer systems and Unixian practices. Protagonists in the conception and diffusion of Unix often claim to have a ‘Unix philosophy’ . But beyond statement of principle, what was the real influence of this idea on the technical choices underlying the system’s developments? What are the ethical, moral, and philosophical motivations – alongside the social, political or economic dimensions discussed earlier – underpinning the adoption of Unix or pretending to extend it (for instance in relation to the notions of sharing, modularity or freedom)? How is the idea of ‘openness’ attached to Unix practices and heritage (free software, open source) conceived? What are the theoretical developments to be drawn from it (for instance with the idea of open software)? The logical and mathematical foundations of Unix should be readdressed. Do the fundamental concepts of Unix have an ontological or metaphysical significance beyond the sole research aim of technical efficiency? What role do aesthetics play in the formulation of general principles and technical choices? How can we analyze programming languages such as C and its successors, scripts, software, and generally speaking, the proliferating source codes of Unix? How do we consider the system, the software environment, as well as the hardware in which Unix is implemented and executed? Such philosophical questions also cover the modalities of the transmission of Unix, extending to the investigation of the respective roles of theory and practice in the teaching of the system, the teaching of knowledge and tools underlying the system or supporting the system. *3. Unix heritage and ‘heritagization’* ** France is now the home to multiple initiatives taking place to build and preserve a material and immaterial heritage of computer science and technology – such as ‘Software Heritage’ at INRIA, a global software archive in progress. The Museum of Arts et Métiers gave impetus to the MINF initiative (‘Pour un Musée de l’informatique et du numérique’) and coordinates the ‘Patstec Mission’ dealing with contemporary scientific and technological heritage preservation, including computer science. At an international scale and with a grassroots perspective carried by the community of Unix users, the TUHS (The Unix Heritage Society) demonstrates the current interest in the specific heritage linked to Unix. We encourage reflections on this heritage and its specific features: - What is the place of Unix in the construction of computer science heritage? Is it possible to map Unix systems and their heritage, from the standpoint of machines, languages and software? What has already been collected? What corpus, data bases, and/or platforms with a patrimonial mission are concerned with Unix and to what purpose? - How are the questions of training, constitution and diffusion of a Unix culture incorporated in the effort to collect heritage? How do we evaluate and put forward the importance of immaterial heritage attached to Unix, considering the effects of community and memory in its history and for the writing of its history? - What are the practices and modalities advocated by the unixian heritage itself? What has been its influence on the field of computer engineering and research as well as diverse fields such as: popularization of science and technology, ‘hacker’ movements and many ‘maker’ practices today (Lallement, 2016)? *Schedules* Please send a one-page abstract (maximum 500 words) with a short biography by June 30, 2017 to: camille.paloque-berges(a)cnam.fr <mailto:camille.paloque-berges@lecnam.net>and loic.petitgirard(a)cnam.fr <mailto:loic.petitgirard@cnam.fr>. Accepted contributions and speakers will be notified by July 15, 2017. *Organizing committee* Isabelle Astic (Musée des arts et métiers) Raphaël Fournier-S’niehotta (Cédric, Cnam) Pierre-Eric Mounier-Kuhn (CRM, Paris 1) Camille Paloque-Berges (HT2S, Cnam) Loïc Petitgirard (HT2S, Cnam) *Scientific committee * François Anceau (UMPC-LIP6)** Pierre Cubaud (Cédric, Cnam) Liesbeth de Mol (STL, Lille 3) Claudine Fontanon (CAK, EHESS) Gérald Kembellec (DICEN, Cnam) Baptiste Mélès (Archives Henri Poincaré, CNRS) Pierre Paradinas (Cédric, Cnam, SIF) Giuseppe Primiero (Middlesex University) Lionel Tabourier (LIP6, Paris 6)** *Institutional partners and support: * - Project « Hist.Pat.info.Cnam », HT2S, Cnam – Research program supported by the Excellence laboratory History and Anthropology of Knoweldge, Technics and Beliefs (HASTEC), and in partnership with the laboratories CEDRIC (Cnam), DICEN (Cnam), and the Center Alexandre Koyré (EHESS). - « Histoire de l’informatique » (« History of computing » seminar) seminar - (Musée des arts et métiers, CRM, Paris 1, UMPC-LIP6) - « Source code » seminar - (CNRS, Cnam, Université Paris 6). With support from the DHST/DLMPST for the History and Philosophy of Computing (HAPOC) *Bibliography * Kelty, Christopher M. 2008. /Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software/. Durham: Duke University Press Books. Lallement, Michel. 2016. /L’âge du faire, /Seuil. Mélès, Baptiste. 2003. « Unix selon l’ordre des raisons : la philosophie de la pratique informatique ». /Philosophia Scientiæ/17 (3): 181‑98. Salus, Peter H. 1994. /A quarter century of UNIX/. Addison-Wesley. Reading. Toomey, Warren. 2010. « First Edition Unix: Its Creation and Restoration ». /IEEE Annals of the History of Computing/ 32 (3): 74‑82. * * **

8 years

1
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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: "Walter F.J. Mueller" > the kernel panic after tcsh here documents is understood. Very nice detective work! > The kernel panic is due to a coding error in mch_fpsim.s. ... After > fixing the "$SIGILL." ... and three similar cases I'm fairly amazed that apparently nobody has run across one of these 4 before! (Or, at least, not bothered to report it.) I wonder how long that bug has been in the code? Noel

8 years

2
1
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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-06-11 04:00, "Walter F.J. Mueller" <w.f.j.mueller(a)retro11.de> wrote: > Hi, > > the kernel panic after tcsh here documents is understood. > And fixed, at least on my system. Nice work. Looking forward to patch #250. And to respond to Noels remark about this being around for a long time without reports - since this is in FPSIM, and I believe the notes for 2.11BSD even says that this is an untested piece of code, which are not even know if it works or not, it's not something that have been used for ages. I'm in a way surprised it even worked at all. I think I've seen somewhere that it was last tested around 2.9BSD, and have not been officially tested since. > The essential hint was Johnny's observation that on his system he gets > an "Illegal instruction - core dumped" and no kernel panic. Well, had I had FPP simulated, I would maybe not have gotten a kernel panic anyway. It would all depend on where the address ended up. With my current build, the kernel would have been able to read the address, since it pointed into the boot diagnostics rom. So it's a dicey error at best. But the tcsh error was very good that you also figured out. And I guess it means we now have a known working FPSIM. :-) Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years

1
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Array index history

by Doug McIlroy

> Who started this? Why was the change made? Arrays in Fortran and Algol were indexed from 1 by default, but Algol (IIRC) generalized that to allow first:last declarations. NPL used first,last for the SUBSTR operation. But first,last begets off-by-one errors. The successor slice begins at last+1. The formula for the position of 1-indexed a[i,j] is a mess. First,length is much cleaner: the successor begins at first+length. I convinced the committee of that, so when NPL became PL/I, first,length was the convention. Zero- indexing is also a clean first,length notation. BCPL, where a[i] was synonymous with rv(a+i), had it. Dennis, who knew a good thing when he saw it, took it over. Dijkstra, too, often inveighed against 1-indexing, and opined that zero was the true computer-science way. 1-indexing certainly came into programming languages from the math tradition for matrix notation. Of course in math series are often indexed from zero, so one may pick and choose. Off hand I can only think of one CS context where 1 comes in handy: heapsort. Doug

8 years

11
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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Walter F.J. Mueller

Hi, the kernel panic after tcsh here documents is understood. And fixed, at least on my system. The essential hint was Johnny's observation that on his system he gets an "Illegal instruction - core dumped" and no kernel panic. I'm using a self-build PDP 11/70 on an FPGA, see https://github.com/wfjm/w11/ https://wfjm.github.io/home/w11/ which doesn't have a floating point unit. Therefore the kernel is build with floating point emulation, thus with FPSIM YES # floating point simulator In a kernel with FPSIM activated the trap handler trap(), see http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/sys/pdp/trap.c.html calls for each user mode illegal instruction trap fpsim(). In case it was a floating point instruction fpsim() emulates it, returns 0, and trap() simply returns. If not, fpsim() returns the abort signal type, and trap() calls psignal() with this signal type, which in general will terminate the offending process. The kernel panic is due to a coding error in mch_fpsim.s. Look in http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/sys/pdp/mch_fpsim.s.html the code after label badins: badins: / Illegal Instruction mov $SIGILL.,r0 br 2b The constant SIGILL is defined in assym.h as #define SIGILL 4. Thus after substitution the mov instruction is mov $4..,r0 with *two dots* !!! The 'as' assembler generates from this mov #160750,r0 So r0 will contain a invalid signal number, which is returned by fpsim() to trap(). This signal number is passed to psignal(), which starts with mask = sigmask(sig); prop = sigprop[sig]; The access to sigprop[sig] results into an address in IO space, causes an UNIBUS timeout, and in consequence the kernel panic. After fixing the "$SIGILL." to "$SIGILL" (removing the extraneous '.') and three similar cases the kernel doesn't panic anymore, tcsh crashed with an illegal instruction trap. Remains the question why tcsh runs onto an illegal instruction. Getting now a tcsh core dump adb gives the answer adb tcsh tcsh.core $c 0172774: _rscan(0176024,0174434) from ~heredoc+0246 0176040: _heredoc(067676) from ~execute+0234 0176126: _execute(067040,01512,0,0) from ~execute+03410 0176222: _execute(066754,01512,0,0) from ~process+01224 0176274: _process(01) from ~main+06030 0177414: _main() from start+0104 heredoc(), which is located in OV1, calls rscan(), which is in OV6 with rscan(Dv, Dtestq); where Dtestq is a function pointer to Dtestq(), which is as heredoc() in OV1. rscan(), which has the signature rscan(t, f) register Char **t; void (*f) (); uses 'f' in the statement (*f) (*p++); The problem is that - heredoc() and Dtestq() are in OV1 - that's why in the end ~Dtestq is used a function pointer, like for all overlay internal function invocations - rscan() is in OV6, when it's called, overlay is switched OV1 -> OV6 - this invalidates the function pointer, which points to some random code location, which happens to hold '000045', causing a trap. It is clear that in this context _Dtestq, the forwarder in the base, must be used and not ~Dtestq, the entry point in the overlay. The generated code for 'rscan(Dv, Dtestq)' is ~heredoc+0230: mov $0174434,(sp) # arg Dtestq: uses ~Dtestq ~heredoc+0234: mov r5,-(sp) ~heredoc+0236: add $0177764,(sp) # arg Dv ~heredoc+0242: jsr pc,*$_rscan Since rscan() is very small and only used by heredoc() I simply moved the code of rscan() from sh.glob.c (OV6) to sh.dol.c where also heredoc() and Dtestq() is defined. After that tcsh works fine with here documents ./tcsh cat >x.x <<EOF 1 $TERM $PWD EOF cat x.x 1 vt100-long /usr/src/bin/tcsh Bottom line - fpsim was broken all the time - tcsh was broken all the time I'm convert this into proper patches and send them to Steven, but this will take some time because I've to tidy up my system to be again in the position to provide proper and clean patch sets. With best regards, Walter P.S.: debugging the kernel issue was quite easy because the w11a CPU has three essential 'build into the cpu' debug tools: - a 'cpu monitor', which records 144 bits of processor state for the last 256 instructions or vector fetches, see https://github.com/wfjm/w11/blob/master/rtl/w11a/pdp11_dmcmon.vhd - a 'breakpoint unit' which allows to set instruction of data breakpoints - an 'ibus monitor' which records the last 512 ibus transactions After setting a breakpoint on the trap 004/010 handler an inspection of the instruction trace gave the essential information. Below a very condensed and annotated excerpt nc ....pc cprptnzvc ..dsrc ..ddst ..dres vmaddr vmdata # # the "(*f) (*p++)" in tcsh, running onto an illegal instruction # 15 145210 uu00-.... 000105 173052 000105 w d 173052 000105 mov r0,(sp) 25 145212 uu00-.... 173050 174434 174434 w d 173050 145216 jsr pc,@n(r5) 19 174434 uu00-.... 000010 173064 000010 r i 174434 000045 ?000045? 1 174434 uu00-.... 000012 173064 000012 r d 000010 000045 !VFETCH 010 RIT # # the "mov $SIGILL.,r0" in fpsim(), load 160750 instead of 000004 # 17 160744 ku00-n..c 160750 000045 160750 r i 160746 160750 mov #n,r0 14 160750 ku00-n..c 160752 160750 160732 r i 160750 000770 br .-14 # # the "sigprop[sig]" access in psignal(), which accesses 174036 # which leads to a external bus (or UNIBUS) time out and IIT trap # 23 161314 ku00-.z.. 000000 147500 000000 w d 147500 000000 mov r1,n(r5) 9 161320 ku00-.z.. 174036 000000 000000 Ebto 174036 013066 movb n(r3),r0 3 161320 ku00-.z.. 000006 000000 000006 r d 000004 013066 !VFETCH 004 IIT

8 years

1
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Re: [TUHS] Array index history

by David

Arnold gets it right on the Pascal indexing. In UCSD Pascal you could specify any array bounds you would like and the compiler would 0 base them for you by always doing a subtraction, or addition if your min was negative, of your min array index. So a little run time cost for non-zero based arrays. I’m not sure how other Pascal compilers did this. I find it interesting that there are now a slew of testing programs (Valgrind, Address Sanitizer, Purify, etc) that will add the ‘missing’ array bounds checking for C. David > On Jun 7, 2017, at 10:01 AM, tuhs-request(a)minnie.tuhs.org wrote: > > Date: Wed, 07 Jun 2017 07:20:43 -0600 > From: arnold(a)skeeve.com > To: tuhs(a)tuhs.org, ag4ve.us(a)gmail.com > Subject: Re: [TUHS] Array index history > Message-ID: <201706071320.v57DKhmJ026303(a)freefriends.org> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii > > Pascal (IIRC) allowed you to specify upper and lower bounds, something > like > > foo : array[5..10] of integer; > > with runtime bounds checking on array accesses. (I could be wrong --- > it's been a LLLLOOONNNGGG time.) > > HTH, > > Arnold

8 years

4
3
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Re: [TUHS] Array index history

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-06-07 19:01, "Ron Natalie"<ron(a)ronnatalie.com> wrote: > The original FORTRAN and BASIC arrays started indexing at one because everybody other than computer scientists start counting at 1. FORTRAN, yes. BASIC (which dialect might we be talking about?) normally actually start with 0. However, BASIC is weird, in that the DIM statement is actually specifying the highest usable index, and not the size of the array. Thus: DIM X(10) means you get an array with 11 elements. So, people who wanted to use array starting at 1 would still be happy, and if you wanted to start at 0, that also worked. You might unintentionally have a bit of wasted memory, though. > These languages were for scientists and the beginner, so you wanted to make things compatible with their normal concepts. True. > PASCAL on the other hand required you to give the minimum and maximum index for the array. In a way, PASCAL makes the most sense. You still what range you want, and you get that. Anything works, and it's up to you. That said, PASCAL could get a bit ugly when passing arrays as arguments to functions because of this. > Of course, C’s half-assaed implementation of arrays kind of depends on zero-indexing to work. :-) Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years

7
8
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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-06-07 22:14, "Walter F.J. Mueller"<w.f.j.mueller(a)retro11.de> wrote: > Hi, > > a few remarks on the feedback on the kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh. > > To Michael Kjörling question: > > I'm curious whether the same thing happens if you try that in some > > other shell? (Not sure how widely here documents were supported back > > then, but I'm asking anyway.) > And Johnny Billquist remark > > Not sure if any of the other shells have this. > > 'here documents' are available and work fine in sh and csh. > And are in fact used, examples Ah. Thanks. Too lazy to check. > To Michael Kjörling remark > > The PC value in the panic report ("pc 161324") strikes me as high > and Johnny Billquist remark > > This is in kernel mode, and that is in the I/O page. > > 211bsd uses split I/D space and uses all 64 kB I space for code. D'oh! Color me stupid. I should have thought of that. > The top 8 kB are in fact the overlay area, and the crash happened > in overlay 4 (as indicated by ov 4). With a simple > > nm /unix | sort | grep " 4" > > one gets > > 161254 t ~psignal 4 > 162302 t ~issignal 4 > > so the crash is just 050 bytes after the entry point of psignal. So the > PC address is fine and not the problem. For psignal look at > > http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/sys/sys/kern_sig.c.html#s:_psignal > > the crash must be one of the first lines. psignal is an internal kernel > function, called from > > http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/sys/sys/kern_sig.c.html#xref:s:_p… > > and has nothing to do with the libc function psignal > > http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/man/cat3/psignal.0.html > http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/psignal.c.html The libc function would be in user mode, so that one was pretty clear. Ok. Digging through this a little for real then. psignal gets called with a signal from the trap handler. The actual signal is weird. It would appear to be 0160750, which would be -7704 if I'm counting right. That does not make sense as a signal. The psignal code pulls a value based on the signal number, which is the line: prop = sigprop[sig]; which uses the signal number as an index. With a random, weird signal number, this access wherever that might end up. Which is when you get the crash. On my system, sigprop is at address 0012172, which, with a signal of -7704 ends up at address 0173142, which by (un)luck happens to be in the middle of the diagnostics bootstrap rom space. So I don't get a Unibus timeout error, while you do. Probably because sigprop is at a slightly different address in your kernel. So, the real question is how trap can be calling psignal with such a broken signal number. I might dig further down that question another day. But unless you already got this far, I might have saved you a few minutes of digging. I did start looking into the trap code, which is in pdp/trap.c, but this is not entirely straight forward. It goes through a bunch of things trying to decide what signal to send, before actually calling psignal. > To Johnny Billquist remark > > Could you (Walter) try the latest version of 2.11BSD and see if you > > still get that crash? > > very interesting that you see a core dump of tcsh rather a kernel panic. Indeed. > Whatever tcsh does, it should not lead to a kernel panic, and if it does, > it is primarily a bug of the kernel. It looks like there are two issues, > one in tcsh, and one in the kernel. I've a hunch were this might come from, > but that will take a weekend or two to check on. Agree that the kernel should not crash on this. Also, tcsh should not really crash either, but it's a separate issue, even though one might have triggered the other here. But yes, there are two bugs in here. If you can recreate the kernel crash on the latest version, that would be good. But it smells like trap.c have some path where it does not even set what signal to deliver, and then calls psignal with whatever the variable i got at the function start. Which would be some random stuff on the stack. Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years

1
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Re: [TUHS] Array index history

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-06-08 22:17, Dave Horsfall<dave(a)horsfall.org> wrote: > > Just to diverge from this thread a little, it probably isn't all that > remarkable that programming languages tend to reflect the hardware for > which they were designed. > > Thus, for example, we have the C construct: > > do { ... } while (--i); > > which translated right into the PDP-11's "SOB" instruction (and > reminiscent of FORTRAN's insistence that DO loops are run at least once > (there was a CACM article about that once; anyone have a pointer to it?)). > > And of course the afore-mentioned FORTRAN, which really reflects the > underlying IBM 70x architecture (shudder). FORTRAN stopped running the loops at least once already with FORTRAN 77. The last who insisted on running loops at least once was FORTRAN IV. Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years

1
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Array index history

by shawn wilson

I learned the other day that array indexes in some languages start at 1 instead of 0. This seems to be an old trend that changed around the 70s? Who started this? Why was the change made? It seems to have come about around the same time as C, but interestingly enough Lua is kinda in between (you can start an array at 0 or 1). Smalltalk can probably have a 0 base index just by it's nature, but I wonder whether that would work in a 40 year old interpreter.

8 years

16
25
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Re: [TUHS] Array index history

by Richard Tobin

> Basically, until C came along, the standard practice was for indices > to start at 1. Certainly Fortran and Pascal did it that way. Mercury Autocode used 0. http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/jwp/history/mercury/manual/autocode/4.jpg -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

8 years

1
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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Walter F.J. Mueller

Hi, a few remarks on the feedback on the kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh. To Michael Kjörling question: > I'm curious whether the same thing happens if you try that in some > other shell? (Not sure how widely here documents were supported back > then, but I'm asking anyway.) And Johnny Billquist remark > Not sure if any of the other shells have this. 'here documents' are available and work fine in sh and csh. And are in fact used, examples /usr/adm/daily (a /bin/sh script) su uucp << EOF /etc/uucp/clean.daily EOF /usr/crash/why (a /bin/csh script) adb -k {unix,core}.$1 << 'EOF' version/sn"Backtrace:"n $c 'EOF' To Michael Kjörling remark > The PC value in the panic report ("pc 161324") strikes me as high and Johnny Billquist remark > This is in kernel mode, and that is in the I/O page. 211bsd uses split I/D space and uses all 64 kB I space for code. The top 8 kB are in fact the overlay area, and the crash happened in overlay 4 (as indicated by ov 4). With a simple nm /unix | sort | grep " 4" one gets 161254 t ~psignal 4 162302 t ~issignal 4 so the crash is just 050 bytes after the entry point of psignal. So the PC address is fine and not the problem. For psignal look at http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/sys/sys/kern_sig.c.html#s:_psignal the crash must be one of the first lines. psignal is an internal kernel function, called from http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/sys/sys/kern_sig.c.html#xref:s:_p… and has nothing to do with the libc function psignal http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/man/cat3/psignal.0.html http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/211bsd/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/psignal.c.html To Johnny Billquist remark > Could you (Walter) try the latest version of 2.11BSD and see if you > still get that crash? very interesting that you see a core dump of tcsh rather a kernel panic. Whatever tcsh does, it should not lead to a kernel panic, and if it does, it is primarily a bug of the kernel. It looks like there are two issues, one in tcsh, and one in the kernel. I've a hunch were this might come from, but that will take a weekend or two to check on. With best regards, Walter

8 years

2
1
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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-06-06 04:00, Michael Kjörling <michael(a)kjorling.se> wrote: > > On 5 Jun 2017 16:12 +0200, from w.f.j.mueller(a)retro11.de (Walter F.J. Mueller): >> I'm using 211bsd (Version 447) and found that a 'here document' in tcsh >> leads to a kernel panic. It's absolutely reproducible on my system, both >> when run it on my FPGA PDP-11 or in simh. Just doing >> >> tcsh >> cat << EOF > I'm curious whether the same thing happens if you try that in some > other shell? (Not sure how widely here documents were supported back > then, but I'm asking anyway.) Not sure if any of the other shells have this. We're basically talking csh, sh and ksh unless I remember wrong. But it's a good question. If noone else have tried it by tomorrow, I could check. >> is enough, and I get >> >> ka6 31333 aps 147472 >> pc 161324 ps 30004 >> ov 4 >> cpuerr 20 >> trap type 0 >> panic: trap >> syncing disks... done >> >> looking at the crash dump gives >> >> cd /etc/crash >> ./why 4 >> Backtrace: >> 0147372: _boot(05000,0100) from ~panic+072 >> 0147414: _etext(011350) from ~trap+0350 >> 0147450: ~trap() from call+040 >> 0147516: _psignal(0101520,0160750) from ~trap+0364 >> 0147554: ~trap() from call+040 >> >> so the crash is in psignal, which is afaik the kernel internal >> mechanism to dispatch signals. > The PC value in the panic report ("pc 161324") strikes me as high, but > 161324 octal is 58068 decimal, so it's not excessively so, and perhaps > in line with what one might expect to see with a kernel pinned near > top of memory. Are the offsets in the backtrace constant, i.e. does it > always crash on the same code? 161324 is way high. This is in kernel mode, and that is in the I/O page. Basically no code lives in the I/O page (some boot roms and hardware diagnostics excepted). This smells like corrupted memory (pointer or stack), or something else very funny. > Not knowing what cpuerr 20 is specifically doesn't help, and at least > http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/29bsd/usr/src/sys/sys/trap.c.html#n:112 > (which doesn't seem to be too far from what you are running) isn't > terribly enlightening; CPUERR is simply a pointer into a memory-mapped > register of some kind, as seen at > http://www.retro11.de/ouxr/29bsd/usr/include/sys/iopage.h.html#m:CPUERR, > and at least pdp11_cpumod.c from the simh source code at > http://simh.trailing-edge.com/interim/pdp11_cpumod.c wasn't terribly > enlightening, though of course I could be looking in entirely the > wrong place. Like others said - the cpu error register is documented in the processor handbook. 020 means Unibus Timeout, which is consistent with trying to access something in the I/O page, where there is no device configured to respond to that address. I just tried the same thing on a simh system here, and I do not get a crash. This on 2.11BSD at patch level 449, running on an emulated 11/94. I do however get tcsh to crash. simh:/home/bqt> su - Password: erase, kill ^U, intr ^C # tcsh simh:/# cat << EOF Illegal instruction - core dumped # Suspended (tty input) simh:/home/bqt> simh:/home/bqt> cat /VERSION Current Patch Level: 448 Date: January 5, 2010 Yes, it says patch level 448, but it really is 449. This was the system where I worked together with Steven when doing the 449 patch set, but I never got around to actually updating the VERSION file itself. Also, this was while running on the console. Could you (Walter) try the latest version of 2.11BSD and see if you still get that crash? Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years

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211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by Walter F.J. Mueller

Hi, I'm using 211bsd (Version 447) and found that a 'here document' in tcsh leads to a kernel panic. It's absolutely reproducible on my system, both when run it on my FPGA PDP-11 or in simh. Just doing tcsh cat << EOF is enough, and I get ka6 31333 aps 147472 pc 161324 ps 30004 ov 4 cpuerr 20 trap type 0 panic: trap syncing disks... done looking at the crash dump gives cd /etc/crash ./why 4 Backtrace: 0147372: _boot(05000,0100) from ~panic+072 0147414: _etext(011350) from ~trap+0350 0147450: ~trap() from call+040 0147516: _psignal(0101520,0160750) from ~trap+0364 0147554: ~trap() from call+040 so the crash is in psignal, which is afaik the kernel internal mechanism to dispatch signals. Questions: 1. has anybody seen this before ? 2. any idea what the reason could be ? With best regards, Walter

8 years

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Re: [TUHS] 211bsd: kernel panic after a 'here document' in tcsh

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Jacob Ritorto > Where might one find the list of trap_types Look in: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=2.11BSD/sys/pdp/scb.s which maps from trap vector locations (built into the hardware; consult a PDP-11 CPU manual for details) to trap type numbers, which are defined here: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=2.11BSD/sys/pdp/trap.h and handled here: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=2.11BSD/sys/pdp/trap.c > and cpuerrs? That just prints the contents of the CPU Error Register; see an appropriate PDP-11 CPU manual - 11/70, /44, /73, /83 or /84 for what all the bits mean. Also the "KDJ11-A CPU Module User's Guide", which also documents it. In theory, there's also a KDJ11-B UG, but it's not online. If anyone has one, can we please get it scanned? Thanks! Noel

8 years

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Early Unix Spider network

by Paul Ruizendaal

> The people working on TCP/IP did know of the Spider work (like they knew of > the Cambridge ring work), but it didn't really have any impact; it was a > totally different direction than the one we were going in. I'm aware of that, and I think it was the same the other way around. My interest is tracing how the networking API of Unix developed in the very early days, and that's were there is a link. When I asked a few months back why Bell Labs did not jump onto the work done at UoI, Doug observed that the lab's focus was on Datakit and that triggered my interest. >>>> it turns out that the TIU driver was in Warren's repo all along: > > V4?! Wow. I'd have never guessed it went that far back. My current understanding is that Spider development began in 1969 and that it was first operational in 1972. By '73/'74 it connected a dozen computers at Murray Hill and Unix had gained basic network programs. From Sandy Fraser's "Origins of ATM" video lecture I understand that the Spider learnings included that using a mini to simulate a switch/router was too slow and too costly, and that doing flow control inside the network induced avoidable complexity (I guess Fraser/Cerf/Pouzin all learned that lesson around the same time). The follow-on, custom designed Datakit switch was to correct these issues. Work started in 1974 and I guess that prototypes may have been available around 1978 (when Spider was apparently switched off at Murray Hill). By 1981 a multi-site Datakit network connected various Bell labs and by 1983 Datakit was introduced as a commercial service. As to the Spider network API, it currently seems that it was relatively simple: it exposed the switch as a group of character mode devices, with the user program responsible for doing all protocol work. Interestingly, Spider used a high speed DMA based I/O board (DR11-B), whereas the Datakit switch was apparently connected to a low speed polled I/O board (DR11-C). I did not find the Datakit device driver(s) in the V7 source tree (only a few references in tty.h), so it is hard to be sure of anything. However, it seems that in V7 the Datakit switch was used as "a fancy modem" so to speak, supporting the uucp software stack. There is source for a Datakit driver in the V8 tree, but I currently have no time to study that (and perhaps it is beyond my scope anyway). All input and corrections much appreciated.

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Early Unix Spider network

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Paul Ruizendaal >>> The report I have is: "SPIDER-a data communication experiment" >>> ... >>> I think it can be public now, but doing some checks. OK, that would be great to have online. I _think_ the hardcopy I have (somewhere! :-) is that report, but my memory should not be trusted. The people working on TCP/IP did know of the Spider work (like they knew of the Cambridge ring work), but it didn't really have any impact; it was a totally different direction than the one we were going in. >>> it turns out that the TIU driver was in Warren's repo all along: V4?! Wow. I'd have never guessed it went that far back. >>> The code calls snstat() >> The object code for snstat() is in libc.a in the dmr's V5 image. >> Reconstructed, the source code is here: >> ... >> In short, snstat() is a modified stty call Yes, I looked and found the original source, appended below. >>> Could that be the tiu sys call (#45) in the sysent.c table for V4-V6? I wonder if we'll ever be able to find a copy of the kernel code for that tiu() system call. And I wonder what it did? > [1] Oldest alarm() code I can find is in PWB1 > ... > Either alarm existed in V5 and V6 .. or is was added after V6 was > released, perhaps soon after. In the latter case the 'nfs' code that we > have must be later than 1974 Remember, that source came from the MIT system, which is a modified PWB1. So it's not surprising it's using PWB1 system calls. Noel -------- / C interface to spider status call .globl _snstat .globl cerror _snstat: mov r5,-(sp) mov sp,r5 mov 4(r5),r0 mov 6(r5),0f mov 8(r5),0f+2 sys stty; 0f bec 1f jmp cerror 1: clr r0 mov (sp)+,r5 rts pc .data 0: .=.+6

8 years, 1 month

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Early Unix Spider network / alarm()

by Paul Ruizendaal

Below what I've been able to find about alarm(): [1] Oldest alarm() code I can find is in PWB1, dated July 1977: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=PWB1/sys/sys/os/sys4.c http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=PWB1/sys/sys/os/clock.c Either alarm existed in V5 and V6, and was removed from distributions (which seems unlikely to me), or is was added after V6 was released, perhaps soon after. In the latter case the 'nfs' code that we have must be later than 1974 (even though the man page is dated that way). It could be from the 2nd half of 1975. [2] Interestingly, the idea to implement sleep() in terms of alarm() seems to originate in UoI network unix: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=SRI-NOSC/ken/sys2.c -- sslep() This occurs in Oct 1977. In V7 this idea is taken to user space and sleep() is no longer a system call. [3] The UoI code has an instance of alarm() being used to break out of a potentially stalled network call, so that usage seems to have established itself early on.

8 years, 1 month

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Early Unix Spider network

by Paul Ruizendaal

Progressed a little further: [1] The 'ufs' command was a variation on the 'nfs' command. The man page that Noel provided for nfs includes the paragraph: "There is a command /usr/usg/tom/ufs which transfers files to the USG Unix systems. The option letter 7 for the 11/70 or 4 for the 11/45 should be used. Otherwise 'ufs' is similar to 'nfs'." This means there must have been a Unix based File Store (server). Does anybody have a suggestion who 'tom' at USG might have been? [2] The V5 man pages in the archive have a man page for 'npr', in section VI. It says: NAME npr - print file on Spider line-printer SYNOPSIS npr file … DESCRIPTION Npr prints files on the line, printer in the Spider room, sending them over the Spider loop. If there are no arguments, the standard input is read and submitted. Thus npr may be used as a filter. FILES /dev/tiu/d2 tiu to loop It suggests that the printer was hooked up to the Spider switch and that channel 2 was hardcoded to it. [3] Upon closer inspection, the tiu.c driver is a character mode device, the use of disk buffers and a strategy() routine had me confused. It is just a reflection of the fact that it uses DMA hardware. The code for tiu.c in NSYS/V4 is rather different from the code in the SRI-NOSC tree: thinking on how to select channels seems to have changed in between these two versions. [4] Also I found the below post that mentions the snstat() call: http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2015-December/006286.html The object code for snstat() is in libc.a in the dmr's V5 image. Reconstructed, the source code is here: http://chiselapp.com/user/pnr/repository/Spider/artifact/a93175746bd9f94f In short, snstat() is a modified stty call, an evolution in the direction of the later ioctl() system call. No progress as yet on the early history of 'alarm()'. Paul

8 years, 1 month

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Early Unix Spider network

by Paul Ruizendaal

>> It is a paper copy, but I can make a scan for you. > > That makes it sounds like it might not be possible to put it online? > What's the exact title, so I can look and see if it's already online? > I'm pretty sure I've got a hardcopy of some Spider thing, but it would > probably take me a while to find it... ;-) The report I have is: "SPIDER-a data communication experiment", Tech Report 23 , Bell Lab, 1974. I did not find it online, but it may be out there somewhere. I think it can be public now, but doing some checks. > OK, the only one I have is 'nfs'. Here's the source, and man page: > > http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/s2/nfs.a > http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/man6/nfs.6 Many thanks! There is some puzzling stuff in there that I'd like to figure out, but that is easier to discuss once the report is online. Also, it turns out that the TIU driver was in Warren's repo all along: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V4/nsys/dmr/tdir/tiu.c http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V4/man/man4/tiu.4 It's fun to read that the V4 man page says "The precise nature of the UNIX interface has not been defined yet." and Noel's version says: "The precise nature of the UNIX interface is defined elsewhere." (yet the dates are the same!). Some things are surprising (to me, at least): First of all, opening a connection to the File Store is a single open on data channel 1: http://chiselapp.com/user/pnr/repository/Spider/artifact/854a591c0e7a3a54?l… I would expected the code to first have sent a connection request to the switch on control channel 1. Perhaps the File Store was an integral part of the switch/router (a Tempo minicomputer ftp://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/tempoComputers/TEMPO-1_ad_Nov69.pdf) with channel 1 functionality hardwired. Next, the code has a hackish form of non-blocking I/O: http://chiselapp.com/user/pnr/repository/Spider/artifact/55ee75831bd98d6c?l… I'm puzzled about the alarm() sys call. That did not exist in 1973 -- or did it only exist in Bell Labs private builds? The code calls snstat(), for instance here: http://chiselapp.com/user/pnr/repository/Spider/artifact/55ee75831bd98d6c?l… That seems to be a sys call to here: http://chiselapp.com/user/pnr/repository/Spider/artifact/2c7d65073a7cb0a5?l… Could that be the tiu sys call (#45) in the sysent.c table for V4-V6?

8 years, 1 month

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can't protect files from deletion v5,v6, or v7

by Mark Longridge

Ok, I just did an experiment with the rm command and the results surprised me. On Unix v5 logged in as root I created a small test file then did chmod 444 on it. Unfortunately it appears that mere users can still rm the file and also directories are not safe from the rmdir command (even directories set to mode 444). This seems to be the case for v6 and v7 as well. To be fair rm will prompt the user with: test1: 0100444 mode but the user only has to type y and hit enter and the file is toast. Is there no way to completely protect files from being deleted? Mark

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Paul Ruizendaal >>> the 1974 report on Spider >> Is that online? If not, any chances you can make it so? > It is a paper copy, but I can make a scan for you. That makes it sounds like it might not be possible to put it online? What's the exact title, so I can look and see if it's already online? I'm pretty sure I've got a hardcopy of some Spider thing, but it would probably take me a while to find it... ;-) > I think that in the lifespan of Spider (1972-1978) there were 3 main > network programs (basing myself on McIlroy's Unix Reader): > - 'nfs' an FTP-like program ... > - 'ufs' not sure what it was, but I think a telnet-like facility > - 'npr' a network printing program OK, the only one I have is 'nfs'. Here's the source, and man page: http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/s2/nfs.a http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/man6/nfs.6 Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by Paul Ruizendaal

> >> I'm looking into the history of Spider and early Datakit. Sandy Fraser >> was kind enough to send me the 1974 report on Spider > > Is that online? If not, any chances you can make it so? It is a paper copy, but I can make a scan for you. > which contains the drivers tiu.c, mpx.c - I'm not sure what other files there > are part of it? I think tiu.c might be all. The TIU ("terminal access unit") was the network card, so to speak (actually some 5 boards in a rack) and did a lot of the heavy lifting. From the tiu.c file I understand that a DR11-B parallel I/O card was used on the PDP side to connect to the TIU, and that access was structured as a block device driver. > I'm not at all clear how this stuff got there - someone at Bell must have just > dumped the contents of the 'dmr' directory, and sent it all off? Looks like it. > The PWB1-based MIT systems also have a lot of the Spider software (although it > was never used). It's a slightly different version than the one above: 'diff' > shows that 'tiu.c' is almost identical, but mpx.c has more significant > differences. > > It also contains man pages, and sources for some (?) user programs; I have the > source and manpage for 'nfs'. What other names should I be looking for? (The > man page for 'nfs' doesn't list any other commands.) I'll put them up > momentarily. I think that in the lifespan of Spider (1972-1978) there were 3 main network programs (basing myself on McIlroy's Unix Reader): - 'nfs' an FTP-like program to copy files to/from a central File Store. I'm not sure whether the File Store was a Unix machine or something else. - 'ufs' not sure what it was, but I think a telnet-like facility - 'npr' a network printing program A little surprising, but no reference to a Spider mail program in that document. > In the meantime, I'll append the 'tiu' man page. Thanks! It is from October 1973, which sounds right for Spider. I guess this code is the first networking on Unix, predating the UoI work by about 18 months.

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Paul Ruizendaal > I'm looking into the history of Spider and early Datakit. Sandy Fraser > was kind enough to send me the 1974 report on Spider Is that online? If not, any chances you can make it so? > Does anybody know of surviving v5/v6/v7 code for Spider networking (e.g. > the 'tiu' device driver, the 'nfs' file transfer package, etc.)? You're in luck. To start with, check out: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=SRI-NOSC/dmr/oldstuff which contains the drivers tiu.c, mpx.c - I'm not sure what other files there are part of it? I'm not at all clear how this stuff got there - someone at Bell must have just dumped the contents of the 'dmr' directory, and sent it all off? The PWB1-based MIT systems also have a lot of the Spider software (although it was never used). It's a slightly different version than the one above: 'diff' shows that 'tiu.c' is almost identical, but mpx.c has more significant differences. It also contains man pages, and sources for some (?) user programs; I have the source and manpage for 'nfs'. What other names should I be looking for? (The man page for 'nfs' doesn't list any other commands.) I'll put them up momentarily. In the meantime, I'll append the 'tiu' man page. There isn't one for mpx, alas. Noel -------- .th TIU IV 10/28/73 .sh NAME tiu \*- Spider interface .sh DESCRIPTION Spider is a fast digital switching network. .it Tiu is a directory which contains files each referring to a Spider control or data channel. The file /dev/tiu/d\fIn\fR refers to data channel \fIn;\fR likewise /dev/tiu/c\fIn\fR refers to control channel \fIn\fR. .s3 The precise nature of the UNIX interface is specified elsewhere. .sh FILES /dev/tiu/d?, /dev/tiu/c? .sh BUGS

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by Paul Ruizendaal

>> There are two other routes to TCP/IP on a PDP11 without split I/D: >> ... >> DCEC's adaptation of the Wingfield TCP/IP library, designed to work >> with V6. It is mostly a user space daemon, but requires some kernel >> enhancements. > > I wonder what the performance would be like, since the TCP is in a user > process (a different one from the application), i.e. there's a process switch > every time the application goes to send or receive data. This wouldn't have > been such an issue when the code was written, since ARPANet-type networks > were not very fast, but with a better network, it would have been limiting. IEN98 (http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/ien/ien98.txt, page 2) has the answer: about 10kb/s. The DCEC version used shared memory instead of rand ports and was claimed to be a bit more performant, but I have no number. I'd be surprised if it was twice as fast, so perhaps 15kb/s. Paul

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Clem Cole > So some other mechanism (also discussed here) needed to be created to > avoid blocking in the application. > ... > Rand, UNET & Chaos had something else that gave the save async function, > who's name I've forgotten at the moment I don't think the RAND code had the non-blocking stuff; AFAICR, all it had was named pipes (effectively). Jack Haverty at BBN defined and implemented two new calls (IIRC, 'capac()' and 'await()') to do non-blocking I/O. The documentation for that is in the 'BBN' branch at TUHS: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=BBN-V6/doc/ipc/await http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=BBN-V6/doc/ipc/ipc My memory might be incorrect, but I don't think it was asynchronous (i.e. a process issued a read() or write(), and that returned right away, before the I/O was actually done, and the system notified the process later when the I/O actually completed). I actually did implement asyn I/O for an early LAN device driver - and just to make it fun, the device was a DMA device, and we didn't want the overhead of a copy, so the DMA was direct to buffers in the process - i.e. 'raw' I/O. So that required some major system tweaks, to keep the process from being swapped out - or moved around - while the I/O was pending. > I believe Noel posted the code for same in the last year from one of the > MIT kernels I found it on the dump of an MIT machine, but it was never run on any machine at MIT - we just had the source in case we had any use fot it. Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Paul Ruizendaal > There are two other routes to TCP/IP on a PDP11 without split I/D: > ... > DCEC's adaptation of the Wingfield TCP/IP library, designed to work > with V6. It is mostly a user space daemon, but requires some kernel > enhancements. I wonder what the performance would be like, since the TCP is in a user process (a different one from the application), i.e. there's a process switch every time the application goes to send or receive data. This wouldn't have been such an issue when the code was written, since ARPANet-type networks were not very fast, but with a better network, it would have been limiting. > From: Steve Simon > do you have pointers to any documentation on the rand/MIT network API? There was no 'MIT' network API. He was talking about the CHAOSNet API. The TCP/IP done in the CSR group at MIT used a totally different API. The various Unix systems at MIT were pretty well out of touch with each other, and did not exchange code. The only exceptions were the DSSR (later RTS) and CSR groups in Tech Sq, who used pretty much the same system. Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by Paul Ruizendaal

I had somehow convinced myself that Ultrix-11 needed split I/D, but indeed it does not: # file unix unix: (0450) pure overlay executable not stripped # size unix 14784+(8192,8000,8064,8000,8064,8128,8000,7808,7936,7936,7680,7360,1344)+3524+13500 = 31808b = 076100b (111296 total text) With only 16KB of permanent kernel there will be a lot of overlay switching. I'm not entirely sure why bss could not be 1KB smaller, enabling 8KB more of permanent kernel. The loss of performance from 2 disk buffers less really outweighed less overlay switching? If I understand correctly, the network code continuously switches around segment 5 to access the right mbuf. According to the notes in the TUHS archive (http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/DEC/Ultrix-11/Fred-Ultrix3/setup-…) running Ultrix-11 with networking on a 11/40 class machine is borderline workable: "I have personally tested it on a 23+, 53 and 83. I know it runs fine on the 73. The smaller machines (34, 40 etc) should work akin to the 23, meaning using overlays and be very tight on RAM for the drivers. TCP/IP is a biiiiig load for those systems!" There are two other routes to TCP/IP on a PDP11 without split I/D: - 3COM's TCP/IP package (initially an overlay over V7, soon after also over 2BSD); I believe the source to this is lost. - DCEC's adaptation of the Wingfield TCP/IP library, designed to work with V6. It is mostly a user space daemon, but requires some kernel enhancements. The Wingfield code is in the TUHS archive, but that version has a modified V6 kernel that also supports NCP networking and requires split I/D. If used with a minimally enhanced V6 kernel, it would easily fit in 64KB, without overlays. Note that these last two options have very different API's and would not be so easy to work with. Paul

8 years, 1 month

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Fwd: Re: Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by William Pechter

-----Original Message----- From: pechter(a)gmail.com To: arnold(a)skeeve.com Sent: Sat, 20 May 2017 16:41 Subject: Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s Missed the reply all on the phone. Phil Karn had KA9Q in the 80s... It is mentioned on Wikipedia... Don't know much more. PPP might be better than slip. Bill -----Original Message----- From: arnold(a)skeeve.com To: pechter(a)gmail.com Sent: Sat, 20 May 2017 16:12 Subject: Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s Yes! Do you want to follow up to the list please? Thanks, Arnold William Pechter <pechter(a)gmail.com> wrote: > KA9Q sound right? > > -----Original Message----- > From: arnold(a)skeeve.com > To: imp(a)bsdimp.com, bqt(a)update.uu.se > Cc: tuhs(a)minnie.tuhs.org > Sent: Sat, 20 May 2017 15:06 > Subject: Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s > > Warner Losh <imp(a)bsdimp.com> wrote: > > > I read the sources to see the TCP/IP support was there (that's the bit > > about adding Berkeley Sockets). I see nowhere that it's excluded for the > > non I/D machines, but haven't tried it first hand. I got interested not > > because of the PDP-11, but because I have an old Rainbow that recently > > started running Venix (v7-based version) and was trolling around for some > > way to do TCP/IP to it (though w/o readily available ethernet cards, I'm > > not sure it is a viable project). > > Boy is the memory going. What was the TCP/IP implementation people > ran on DOS to do connections over serial lines? Could that be found > and revived for such a system? > > Thanks, > > Arnold

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] 11/60 (was: Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s)

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-05-21 23:27, Clem Cole <clemc(a)ccc.com> wrote: > Actually, the 11/60's main claim to fame was it supposed to be a > 'commercial' PDP-11 and was built for the small business market. The WCS > was a side effect. As you mentioned in another mail, it's main claim to fame was probably the short time it actually existed in the market. DEC seriously did some things wrong on it, such as only 18-bit address, and no split I/D space, at a time when pretty much any other PDP-11 was going there. But it was also one of a couple of -11 models where you had the ability to write your own microcode. But I've never heard of anyone who had the WCS option. (But at one point, I was playing with four 11/60 machines in a computer club.) I don't remember if it was you or someone else who said that there were several microcode bugs in the 11/60. It ran the DEC OSes, but there were some issues with Unix. I seem to also remember seeing some special code in the RSX kernel for some 11/60 oddity, but I would have to search through the code to remember exactly what that was about. > It was to built to run RSTS and RSX and had a commercial instruction set > exten *etc.*. Somebody had written a 'dentist office' package for it and a > 'car dealership package' IIRC. And was physically packaged a tad > differently than the other 11's as it was trying to be marketing to places > that might want to show it off instead of hiding it in a computer room. Uh? I have not seen any plans ever mentioning CIS for the 11/60, but I guess it's possible it was considered at some point. But I can assure you no CIS ever existed for the 11/60. The only machines that ever had the CIS option was the 11/44 and 11/23,11/24. But I have no idea how many machines ever actually had the option installed. One nice detail of the 11/60 is that it had the FPP build in. But there was also an optional hardware FPP accelerator available. Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years, 1 month

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Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

I'm trying to find out if there is any existing Unix for the PDP-11 which supports TCP/IP on /40-/34-23 class machines (i.e. non-I+D machines)? Does 2.9 BSD with TCP/IP (assuming such a thing exists) fit on those machines? (I know 2.9 does run on them, but I don't know about the TCP/IP part.) The reason I ask is that MIT did a TCP/IP for V6 which would run on them (only incoming packet de-mux is in the kernel - the TCP is in with the application, in the user process), which has recently been recovered from a backup tape. I'm trying to figure out if there is any use for it, as it would take some work to make it usable (I'd have to write device drivers for available Ethernet cards, and adapt an ARP implementation for it). Noel

8 years, 1 month

7
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Re: [TUHS] Unix with TCP/IP for small PDP-11s

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-05-20 04:00, Warner Losh <imp(a)bsdimp.com> wrote: > https://ia601901.us.archive.org/10/items/bitsavers_decpdp11ulLTRIX112.0SPDS… > > Looks like it requires MMU, but not split I/D space as it lists the > following as compatible: M11, 11/23+, 11/24, 11/34, 11/40 and 11/60. It > does require 256kb of memory. See table 2, page 6 for details. Uh...? Where do you see that there is any TCP/IP support in Ultrix-11? If any was done by someone else, there is no saying that it would be usable on a machine without split I/D. To be honest, I've never seen any mention of TCP/IP on any machine without split I/D space. I guess it could be done, but it would be a rather big headache... Johnny -- Johnny Billquist || "I'm on a bus || on a psychedelic trip email: bqt(a)softjar.se || Reading murder books pdp is alive! || tryin' to stay hip" - B. Idol

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by David

At Celerity we were porting Unix to a new NCR chipset for our washing machine sized Workstation. We had a VAX 750 as the development box and we cross compiled to the NCR box. We contracted out the 750 maintenance to a 3rd party and had no problems for a couple of years. Then one day I came in to work to find the VAX happy consuming power and doing nothing. Unix wasn’t running and nothing I could do would bring it back. After about 2 hours I got my boss and we contacted the maintenance company. They guy they sent did much what I’d done and then went around the back. He pushed on the backplane of the machine and Lo, it started working. He then removed the pressure and it failed quite immediately. Turns out the backplane had a broken trace in it. We had done no board swaps in many months and the room had had no A/C faults of any kind. The company got a new backplane and had it installed in 2 days. Being 3rd party we couldn’t get it replaced any quicker. After that it worked like a champ. Celerity eventually became part of Sun as Sun Supercomputer. David

8 years, 1 month

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Old Unix vulnerabilities

by Dave Horsfall

OK, I'll kick it off. A beauty in V6 (and possibly V7) was discovered by the kiddies in Elec Eng; by sending a signal with an appropriately-crafted negative value (as determined from inspecting <user.h>) you could overwrite u.u_uid with zero... Needless to say I scrambled to fix that one on my 11/40 network! -- Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer."

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Dave Horsfall > Err, isn't that the sticky bit, not the setuid bit? Oh, right you are. I just looked in the code for ptrace(), and assumed that was it. The fix is _actually_ in sys1$exec() (in V6) and sys1$getxfile() (in PWB1 and the MIT system: /* * set SUID/SGID protections, if no tracing */ if ((u.u_procp->p_flag&STRC)==0) { if(ip->i_mode&ISUID) if(u.u_uid != 0) { u.u_uid = ip->i_uid; u.u_procp->p_uid = ip->i_uid; } The thing is, this code is identical in V6, PWB1, and MIT system!? So now I'm wondering - was this really the bug? Or was there some bug in ptrace I don't see, which was the actual bug that's being discussed here. Because is sure looks like this would prevent the exploitation that I described (start an SUID program under the debugger, then patch the code). Or perhaps somehow this fix was broken by some other feature,, and that introduced the exploit? Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: "Steve Johnson" > a DEC repairperson showed up to do "preventive maintenance" and managed > to clobber the nascent file system. > Turns out DEC didn't have any permanent file systems on machines that > small... A related story (possibly a different version of this one) which I read (can't remember where, now) was that he trashed the contents of the RS04 fixed-head hard disk, because on DEC OS's, those were only used for swapping. Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] C declarations.

by Steve Johnson

Some interesting comments: "You all are missing the point as to what the cost of passing arrays by value or what other languages do" I don't think so. To me the issues is that the model of what it means to compute has changed since the punch-card days. When you submitted a card deck in the early days, you had to include both the function definition and the data--the function was compiled, the data was read, and, for the most part there were no significant side effects (just a printout, and maybe some stuff on mag tape). This was a model that had served mathematics well for centuries, and it was very easy to understand. Functional programming people still like it a lot... However, with the introduction of permanent file systems, a new paradigm came into being. Now, interactions with the computer looked more like database transactions: Load your program, change a few lines, put it back, and then call 'make'. Trying to describe this with a purely functional model leads to absurdities like: file_system = edit( file_system, file_selector, editing_commands ); In fact, the editing commands can change files, create new ones, and even delete files. There is no reasonable way to handle any realistic file systems with this model (let alone the Internet!) In C's early days, we were just getting into the new world. Call by value for arrays would have been expensive or impossible on the machine with just a few kilobytes of memory for program + data. So we didn't do it. Structures were initially handled like arrays, but the compiler chose to make a local copy when passed a structure pointer. This copy was, at one time, in static memory, which caused some problems. Later, it went on the stack. It wasn't much used... This changed when the Blit terminal project was in place. It was just too attractive on a 68000 to write struct pt = { int x; int y } /* when int was 16-bits */ and I made PCC pass small structures like this in registers, like other arguments. I seem to remember a dramatic speedup (2X or so) from doing this... "(did) Dennis / Brian/ Ken regret this design choice? Not that I recall. Of course, we all had bugs in this area. But I think the lack of subscript range checking was a more serious problem than using pointers in the first place. And, indeed, for a few of the pioneers, BCPL had done exactly the same thing. Steve

8 years, 1 month

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C declarations.

by Ron Natalie

Bjarne agrees with you. He put the * (and the &) with the type name to emphasize it is part of the type. This works fine as long as you only use one declaration per statement. The problem with that is that * doesn't really bind to the type name. It binds to the variable. char* cp1, cp2; // cp1 is pointer to char, cp2 is just a char. I always found it confusing that the * is used to indicate an pointer here, where as when you want to change an lvalue to a pointer, you use &. But if we're going to gripe about the evolution of C. My biggest gripe is when they fixed structs to be real types, they didn't also do so for arrays. Arrays and their degeneration to poitners is one of the biggest annoyances in C. > Am I the only one here who thinks that e.g. a char pointer should be > "char* cp1, cp2" instead of "char *cp1, *cp2"? I.e. the fundamental type is "char*", not "char", and to this day I still write:

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] C declarations.

by Richard Tobin

> Fortran, for the record, passes nearly everything by reference Sort of. The Fortran 77 standard imposes restrictions that appear to be intended to allow the implementation to pass by value-and-result (i.e. values are copied in, and copied back at return). In particular it disallows aliasing that would allow you to distinguish between the two methods: If a subprogram reference causes a dummy argument in the referenced subprogram to become associated with another dummy argument in the referenced subprogram, neither dummy argument may become defined during execution of that subprogram. http://www.fortran.com/F77_std/rjcnf-15.html#sh-15.9.3.6 -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Random832 > Ah. There's the other piece. You start the SUID program under the > debugger, and ... it simply starts it non-suid. *However*, in the > presence of shared text ... you can make changes to the text image > ... which will be reused the *next* time it is started *without* the > debugger. So I actually tried to do this (on a V6 system running on an emulator), after whipping up a tiny test program (which prints "1", and the real and current UIDs): the plan was to patch it to print a different number. However, after a variety of stubbed toes and hiccups (gory details below, if anyone cares), including a semi-interesting issue with the debugger and pure texts), I'm punting: when trying to set a breakpoint in a pure text, I get the error message "Can't set breakpoint", which sort of correlates with the comment in the V6 sig$ptrace(): "write user I (for now, always an error)". So it's not at all clear that the technique we thought would work would, in fact, work - unless people weren't using a stock V6 system, but rather one that had been tweaked to e.g. allow use of debuggers on pure-text programs (including split I+D). It's interesting to speculate on what the 'right' fix would be, if somehow the techique above did work. The 'simple' fix, on systems with a PWB1-line XWRIT flag, would be to ignore SETUID bits when doing an exec() of a pure text that had been modified. But probably 'the' right fix would be to give someone debugging a pure-text program their own private copy of the text. (This would also prevent people who try to run the program from hitting breakpoints while it's being debugged. :-) But anyway, it's clear that back when, when I thought I'd found the bug, I clearly hadn't - which is why when I looked into the source, it looked like it had been 'already' been fixed. (And why Jim G hemmed and hawed...) But I'm kind of curious about that mod in PWB1 that writes a modified pure text back to the swap area when the last process using it exits. What was the thinking behind that? What's the value to allowing someone to patch the in-core pure text, and then save those patches? And there's also the 'other people who try and run a program beind debugged are going to hit breakpoints' issue, if you do allow writing into pure texts... Noel -------- For the gory details: to start with, attempting to run a pure-text program (whether SUID or not) under the debugger produced a "Can't execute {program-name} Process terminated." error message. 'cdb' is printing this error message just after the call to exec() (if that fails, and returns). I modified it to print the error number when that happens, and it's ETXTBSY. I had a quick look at the V6 source, to see if I could see what the problem is, and it seems to be be (in sys1$exec()): if(u.u_arg[1]!=0 && (ip->i_flag&ITEXT)==0 && ip->i_count!=1) { u.u_error = ETXTBSY; goto bad; } What that code does is a little obscure; I'm not sure I understand it. The first term checks to see if the size of the text segment is non-zero (which it is not, in both 0407 and 0410 files). The second is, I think, looking to see if the inode is marked as being in use for a pure text (which it isn't, until later in exec()). The third checks to make sure nobody else is using the file. So I guess this prevents exec() of a file which is already open, and not for a pure text. (Why this is the Right Thing is not instantly clear to me...) Anyway, the reason this fails under 'cdb' is that the debugger already has it open (to be able to read the code). So I munged the debugger to close it before doing the exec(), and then the error went away. Then I ran into a long series of issues, the details of which are not at all interesting, connected with the fact that the version of 'cdb' I was using (one I got off a Tim Shoppa modified V6 disk) doesn't correspond to either of the sources I have for 'cdb'. When I switched to the latest source (so I could fix the issue above), it had some bug where it wouldn't work unless there was a 'core' file. But eventually I kludged it enough to get the 'can't set breakpoints' message, at which point I threw in the towel.

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Clem Cole > it was was originally written for the for the 6th edition FS (which I > hope I have still have the sources in my files) ... > I believe Noel recovered a copy in his files recently. Well, I have _something_. It's called 'fcheck', not 'fsck', but it looks like what we're talking about - maybe it was originally named, or renamed, to be in the same series as {d,i,n}check? But it does have the upper-case error messages... :-) Anyway, here it is: http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/s1/fcheck.c http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/man8/fcheck.8 Interestingly, the man page for it makes reference to a 'check' command, which I didn't recall at all; here it is: http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/s1/check.c http://ana-3.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/tech/unix/man8/check.8 for those who are interested. > Noel has pointed out that MIT had it in the late 1970s also, probably > brought back from BTL by one of their summer students. I think most of the Unix stuff we got from Bell (e.g. the OS, which is clearly PWB1, not V6) came from someone who was in a Scout unit there in high school, of all bizarre connections! ISTR this came the same way, but maybe I'm wrong. It definitely arrived later than the OS - we'd be using icheck/dcheck for quite a while before it arrived - so maybe it was another channel? The only thing that for sure (that I recall) that didn't come this way was Emacs. Since the author had been a grad student in our group at MIT, I think you all can guess how we got that! Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] C declarations.

by Doug McIlroy

> Are there languages that copy arrays in function calls defaultly? > Pascal is an example. Pascal's var convention, where the distinction between value and reference is made once and for all for each argument of each function, is sound. The flexibility of PL/I, where the distinction is made at every call (parenthesize the name to pass an array by value) is finicky, though utterly general. > Where is all that [memory] going to come from if you pass a > large array on a memory-constrained system of specs common back in the > days when C was designed Amusingly, under the customary linkage method in the even earlier days when Fortran was designed, pass-by-reference entailed a big overhead that could easily dominate pass-by-value for small arrays. [In the beginning, when CPUs had only one register, subroutine preambles plugged the reference into every mention of that variable throughout the body of the subroutine. This convention persisted in Fortran, which was designed for a machine with three index registered. Since reference variables were sometimes necessary (think of swap(a,b) for example) they were made standard.] Doug

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Random832 > It seems to me that this check is central to being able to (or not) > modify the in-core image of any process at all other than the one being > traced (say, by attaching to a SUID program that has already dropped > privileges, and making changes that will affect the next time it is > run). Right, good catch: if you have a program that was _both_ sticky and SUID, when the system is idle (so the text copy in the swap area won't get recycled), call up a copy under the debugger, patch it, exit (leaving the patched copy), and then re-run it without the debugger. I'd have to check the handling of patched sticky pure texts - to see if they are retained or not. {Checks code.} Well, the code to do with pure texts is _very_ different between V6 and PWB1. The exact approach above might not work in V6, because the modified (in-core) copy of pure texts are simply deleted when the last user exits them. But it might be possible for a slight variant to work; leave the copy under the debugger (which will prevent the in-core copy from being discarded), and then run it again without the debugger. That might do it. Under PWB1, I'm not sure if any variant would work (very complicated, and I'm fading). There's an extra flag bit, XWRIT, which is set when a pure text is written into; when the last user stops using the in-code pure text, the modified text is written to swap. (It lools like the in-core copy is always discarded when the last user stops using it.) But the check for sticky would probably stop a sticky pure-text being modified? But maybe the approach that seems like it would work under V6 (leave the patched, debugger copy running, and start a new instance) looks like it should work here too. So maybe the sticky thing is irrelevant? On both V6 and PWB1, it just needs a pure text which is SETUID: start under the debugger, patch, leave running, and start a _new_ copy, which will run the patched version as the SUID user. Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Clem Cole > I said -- profil - I intended to say ptrace(2) Is that the one where running an SUID program under the debugger allowed one to patch the in-core image of said program? If so, I have a story, and a puzzle, about that. A couple of us, including Jim Gettys (later of X-windows fame) were on out way out to dinner one evening (I don't recall when, alas, but I didn't meet him until '80 or so), and he mentioned this horrible Unix security bug that had just been found. All he would tell me about it (IIRC) was that it involved ptrace. So, over dinner (without the source) I figured out what it had to be: patching SUID programs. So I asked him if that was what it was, and I don't recall his exact answer, but I vaguely recall he hemmed and hawed in a way that let me know I'd worked it out. So when we got back from dinner, I looked at the source to our system to see if I was right, and.... it had already been fixed! Here's the code: if (xp->x_count!=1 || xp->x_iptr->i_mode&ISVTX) goto error; Now, we'd been running that system since '77 (when I joined CSR), without any changes to that part of the OS, so I'm pretty sure this fix pre-dates your story? So when I saw your email about this, I wondered 'did that bug get fixed at MIT when some undergrad used it to break in' (I _think_ ca. '77 is when they switched from an OS called Delphi on the -11/45 used for the undergrad CS programming course - I _think_ they switched that machine from Delphi to Unix), or did it come with PWB1? (Like I said, that system was mostly PWB1.) So I just looked in the PWB1 sources, and... there it is, the _exact_ same fix. So we must have got it from PWB1. So now the question is: did the PWB guys find and fix this, and forget to tell the research guys? Or did they tell them, and the research guys blew them off? Or what? Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by Doug McIlroy

> We all took the code back and promised to get patches out ASAP and not tell any one about it. Fascinating. Chnages were installed frequently in the Unix lab, mostly at night without fanfare. But an actual zero-day should have been big enough news for me to have heard about. I'm pretty sure I didn't; Dennis evidently kept his counsel. Doug

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: "Ron Natalie" > Ordered writes go back to the original BSD fast file system, no? I seem > to recall that when we switched from our V6/V7 disks, the filesystem got > a lot more stable in crashes. I had a vague memory of reading about that, so I looked in the canonical FFS paper (McKusick et al, "A Fast File System for UNIX" [1984)]) but found no mention of it. I did find a paper about 'fsck' (McKusick, Kowalski, "Fsck: The UNIX File System Check Program") which talks (in Section 2.5. "Updates to the file system") about how "problem[s] with asynchronous inode updates can be avoided by doing all inode deallocations synchronously", but it's not clear if they're talking about something that was actually done, or just saying (hypothetically) that that's how one would fix it. Is is possible that the changes to the file system (e.g. the way free blocks were kept) made it more crash-proof? Noel

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] C declarations.

by Richard Tobin

> The problem with that is that * doesn't really bind to the type name. > It binds to the variable. > > char* cp1, cp2; // cp1 is pointer to char, cp2 is just a char. > > I always found it confusing that the * is used to indicate an pointer > here, where as when you want to change an lvalue to a pointer, you use > &. The way to read it is that you are declaring *cp1 as a char. -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

8 years, 1 month

1
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Re: [TUHS] The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Warner Losh > There's a dcheck.c in the TUHS v7 sources. How's that related? That was one of the earlier tools - not sure how far back it goes, but it's in V6, but not V5. It consistency checks the directory tree. Another tool, 'icheck', consistency checks file blocks and the free list. Noel

8 years, 1 month

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The evolution of Unix facilities and architecture

by Diomidis Spinellis

I've made available on GitHub a series of tables showing the evolution of Unix facilities (as documented in the man pages) over the system's lifetime [1] and two diagrams where I attempted to draw the corresponding architecture [2]. I've also documented the process in a short blog post [3]. I'd welcome any suggestions for corrections and improvements you may have, particularly for the architecture diagrams. [1] https://dspinellis.github.io/unix-history-man/ [2] https://dspinellis.github.io/unix-architecture/ [3] https://www.spinellis.gr/blog/20170510/ Cheers, Diomidis

8 years, 1 month

4
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Re: [TUHS] Discuss of style and design of computer programs from a

by Nemo

On 6 May 2017 at 11:23, ron minnich <rminnich(a)gmail.com> wrote (in part): [...] > Lest you think things are better now, Linux uses self modifying code to > optimize certain critical operations, and at one talk I heard the speaker > say that he'd like to put more self modifying code into Linux, "because it's > fun". Oh boy. Fun, indeed! Even self-modifying chips are being touted -- Yikes! N.

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Discuss of style and design of computer programs from a user standpoint

by Doug McIlroy

> tr -cs A-Za-z '\n' | > tr A-Z a-z | > sort | > uniq -c | > sort -rn | > sed ${1}q > > This is real genius. Not genius. Experience. In the Bentley/Knuth/McIlroy paper I said, "[Old] Unix hands know instinctively how to solve this one in a jiffy." While that is certainly true, the script was informed by my having written "spell", which itself was an elaboration of a model pioneered by Steve Johnson. By 1986, when BKM was published, the lore was baked in: word-processing scripts in a similar vein were stock in trade. A very early exercise of this sort was Dennis Ritchie's enumeration of anagrams in the unabridged Merriam-Webster. Since the word list barely fit on the tiny disk of the time, the job entailed unimaginable marshalling of resources. I was mightily impressed then, and still am. Doug

8 years, 1 month

3
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Re: [TUHS] Discuss of style and design of computer programs from a user stand point [was dmr note on BSD's sins]

by Clem Cole

On Thu, May 4, 2017 at 7:14 PM, Larry McVoy <lm(a)mcvoy.com> wrote: > some of those Berkeley flags (not specifically for cat, but almost > certainly including those for cat) were really quite useful. Amen!!! I think that this is key point. What is in good taste or good style? Doug's distain for the results of: less --help | wc is found in bad design, a poor user interface, little fore thought, *etc.* Most of what is there has been added over Eric Scheinbrood's original more(1) I do not believe are used that often, but some of them are of course, and you can not tell who uses what!! So how do you decide what get rid of? How do you learn what people really need -- IMO: much of that is * experience *and this thing we call 'good taste.' As opposed to what I think happened with less(1) and many others similar programs (programmers peeing on the code because they code and the source was available -- I can add this feature to it and I think it is cool. As opposed to asking, what do really get and not having a 'master builder' arbitrating or vetting things). The problem we have is that we don't yet have a way of defining good taste. One might suggest that it takes years of civilization and also that tastes do change over time. Pike's minimalistic view (which I think is taken to the extreme in the joke about automobile dashboard on Brian Kernighan's car) sets the bar to one end and probably one of the reason why UNIX had a bad reputation, certainly by non-computer scientists, when it first appeared as being difficult. Another extreme is systems that put in you a box and never let you do anything but what we told you do; which I find just as frighten and frustration builds there when I use them. Clearly systems that are so noisy that can not find what really want, or need is another dimension of the same bad design. So what to do? [more in a minute...] Larry is right. Many of the 'features' added to UNIX (and Linux) over time have been and *are useful*. Small and simple as it was (and I really admire Ken, Dennis and the Team for its creation), but in 2017 I really don't want to run the Sixth Edition for my day to day work anymore - which I happily did in 1977. But the problem is, as we got 'unlimited address space' of 32 and 64 bits, and more room for more 'useful' things, we also got a great deal of rubbish and waste. I am interpreting Doug's point about less --help | wc is that is that are so many thorns and weeds, it hard to see to see the flowers in the garden. I'd like to observe that is that most college courses in CS I have seen talk about how to construct a programs, algorithms, structures - i.e. the mechanics of some operation. But this discussion is about the human element. What we feel is good or bad and how it related to how to use the program. I think about my friends that have degrees in literature, art and architecture. In all cases, they spend a lot of time examining past examples, of good and bad - and thinking and discussing what makes them so. I'm actually happy to see it was Professor McIlroy that is one of the folks taking a stand on current craziness. I think this is only going to get better if a new crop of students that have been trained in 'good taste.' So, I wonder do any of the schools like Darthmouth and the like teach courses that study 'style' and taste in CS. Yes, it is a young field but we have been around long enough that we do a body of work good and bad to consider. I think there is a book or two and a few lectures in there somewhere. Thoughts? Clem

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Discuss of style and design of computer programs from a user stand point

by David

> From: Michael Kjörling <michael(a)kjorling.se> > To: tuhs(a)minnie.tuhs.org > Subject: Re: [TUHS] Discuss of style and design of computer programs > from a user stand point > Message-ID: <20170506091857.GE12539(a)yeono.kjorling.se> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 > > I would actually take that one step further: When you are writing > code, you are _first and foremost_ communicating with whatever human > will need to read or modify the code later. That human might be you, a > colleague, or the violent psychopath who knows both where you live and > where your little kids go to school (might as well be you). You should > strive to write the code accordingly, _even if_ the odds of the threat > ever materializing are slim at most. Style matters a lot, there. > Interesting, I was going to say about the same thing about the violent psychopath who has to maintain your code after you leave. When I lectured at UCSD or was giving talks on style for ViaSat I always said the same thing: Whatever you write, the fellow who is going to wind up maintaining it is a known axe killer, now released from prison, completely reformed. He learned computer programming on MS/DOS 3.1 and a slightly broken version of Pascal. He will be given your home phone number and address so if he has any questions about the code you wrote he can get in contact with you. This always got a few chuckles. I then pointed out that whenever anyone gets code that someone else wrote, the recipient always thinks that they can ‘clean up’ what is there because the original author clearly doesn’t understand what proper code looks like. Over time, I’ve learned that everyone has a style when writing code, just like handwriting and given enough time, I can spot who the author of a block of code is just from the indenting, placement of ( and ) around a statement and other small traits. What makes good code is the ability to convey the meaning of the algorithm from the original author to all those who come after. Sometimes even the most unusual code can be quite clear, while the most cleanly formatted and commented code can be opaque to all. David

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] Discuss of style and design of computer programs from a user stand point [was dmr note on BSD's sins]

by Doug McIlroy

> tr -cs A-Za-z '\n' | > tr A-Z a-z | > sort | > uniq -c | > sort -rn | > sed ${1}q > > This is real genius. Not genius. Experience. In the Bentley/Knuth/McIlroy paper I said, "[Old] Unix hands know instinctively how to solve this one in a jiffy." While that is certainly true, the script was informed by my having written "spell", which itself was an elaboration of a model pioneered by Steve Johnson. By 1986, when BKM was published, the lore was baked in: word-processing scripts in a similar vein were stock in trade. A very early exercise of this sort was Dennis Ritchie's enumeration of anagrams in the unabridged Merriam-Webster. Since the word list barely fit on the tiny disk of the time, the job entailed unimaginable marshalling of resources. I was mightily impressed then, and still am. Doug

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] dmr note on BSD's sins

by Nemo

On 3 May 2017 at 09:09, Arthur Krewat <krewat(a)kilonet.net> wrote: > Not to mention, you can cat multiple files - as in concatenate :) Along these lines, who said "Cat went to Berkely, came back waving flags." N.

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] [Groff] ASCII Minus Sign in man Pages

by Doug McIlroy

> I believe I was the last person to modify the Linux man page macros. > Their current maintainer is not the kind of groff expert to whom it > would occur to modify them; it would work as well to ask me questions Question #1. Which tmac file to they use? If it's not in the groff package, where can it be found? Doug

8 years, 1 month

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Re: [TUHS] dmr note on BSD's sins

by Doug McIlroy

With Steve's eloquent grump and cat -v on the table, I can't help re-citing the peerless cardinal sin of less --help | wc Doug

8 years, 1 month

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dmr note on BSD's sins

by ron minnich

OK, I recall a note dmr wrote probably in the late 70s/early 80s when folks at UCB had (iirc) extended the symbol name size in C programs to essentially unlimited. This followed on (iirc) file names going beyond 14 characters. The rough outline was that dmr was calling out the revisions for being too general, and the phrase "BSD sins" sticks in my head (sins as a verb). I'm reminded of this by something that happened with some interns recently, as they wanted to make something immensely complex to cover a case that basically never happened. I was trying to point out that you can go overboard on that sort of thing, and it would have been nice to have such a quote handy -- anyone else remember it? ron

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] dmr note on BSD's sins

by Daniel Camolês

There you go: http://harmful.cat-v.org/cat-v/ Em 2 de mai de 2017 17:29, "Diomidis Spinellis" <dds(a)aueb.gr> escreveu: On 02/05/2017 19:11, Steve Johnson wrote: > I recall a paper Dennis wrote (maybe more like a note) that was titled > echo -c considered harmful > (I think it was -c). It decried the tendency, now completely out of > control, for everybody and their dog to piddle on perfectly good code > just because it's "open". > There's definitely Rob Pike's talk "UNIX Style, or cat -v Considered Harmful", which he delivered at the 1983 Usenix Association Conference and Software Tools USers Group Summer Conference. Unfortunately, I can't find it online. It's interesting that the talk's date is now closer to the birth of Unix than to the present. Diomidis

8 years, 2 months

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Installing Amix on FS-UAE, English Amiga Users's thread

by Michael Huff

I'm this close to figuring out how to get netbsd to work on fs-uae with no prior amiga experience. Searching around the English Amiga Users's board for clues, I found a guide on downloading and installing Amix. Complete with amix download links. Haven't tried it myself -I'm still working on my bsd tangent. But for anyone interested: http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=86480

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] was turmoil, moving to rm -rf /

by John Floren

On 2017-04-27, Ron Natalie <ron(a)ronnatalie.com> wrote: > This is a multipart message in MIME format. > > ------=_NextPart_000_0154_01D2BF90.27157840 > Content-Type: text/plain; > charset="UTF-8" > Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable > > Exec 8 (the Univac Operating Systm) used to make you type the word = >=E2=80=9CCATASTROPHIC=E2=80=9D to proceed past a certain point in = > reiniting the system. > > > ------=_NextPart_000_0154_01D2BF90.27157840 > Content-Type: text/html; > charset="UTF-8" > Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable > ><html xmlns:v=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" = > xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" = > xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" = > xmlns:m=3D"http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" = > xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta = > http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; charset=3Dutf-8"><meta = > name=3DGenerator content=3D"Microsoft Word 14 (filtered = > medium)"><style></style></head><body lang=3DEN-US link=3Dblue = > vlink=3Dpurple><div class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal><span = > style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497= > D'>Exec 8 (the Univac Operating Systm) used to make you type the word = >=E2=80=9CCATASTROPHIC=E2=80=9D to proceed past a certain point in = > reiniting the system.</span><span = > style=3D'font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p= >></span></p></div></body></html> > ------=_NextPart_000_0154_01D2BF90.27157840-- > Ron, can you and others who are posting via email please take care to send text-only emails? It's utterly unreadable to anyone using a newsreader or plain old 'mail'. http://i.imgur.com/EJS5Okd.png sorry for going off-topic... john

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] There is turmoil in Linux-land - When did rm first avoid going upwards?

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Josh Good > Would the command "cd /tmp ; rm -rf .*" be able to kill a V6 ... system? Looking at the vanilla 'rm' source for V6, it cannot/does not delete directories; one has to use the special 'rmdir' command for that. But, somewhat to my surprise, it does support both the '-r' and '-f' flags, which I thought were later. (Although not as 'stacked' flags, so you'd have to say 'rm -r -f'.) So, assuming one did that, _and_ (important caveat!) _performed that command as root_, it probably would empty out the entire directory tree. (I checked, and "cd /tmp ; echo .*" evaluates to ". .." on V6. Noel

8 years, 2 months

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directories going away.

by Ron Natalie

The JHU version of the V6 kernel and the mount program were modified (or should I say buggered) so that unprivileged users could mount user packs. There were certain restrictions added as well: no setuid on mounted volumes etc. The problem came up that people would mount them using relative paths and the mtab wouldn't really show who was using the disk as a result. I suggested we just further bugger it by making the program chdir to '/dev' first. That way you wouldn't have to put /dev/ on the drive device and you'd have to give an absolute path for the mount point (or at least one relative to /dev). I pointed out to my coworker that there was nothing in /dev/ to mount on. He started trying it. Well the kernel issued errors for trying to use a special file as a mount point. He then tried "." Due to a combination of bugs that worked! The only problem, is how do you unmount it? The /dev nodes had been replaced by the root of directory of my user pack. Oh well, go halt and reboot. There were supposed to be protections against this. Mind you I did not have root access at this point (just a lowly student operator), so we decided to see where else we could mount. Sure enough cd /etc/ and mount on "." there. We made up our own password file. It had one account with uid 0 and the name "Game Player" in the gcos field. About this one of the system managers calls and tells us to halt the machine as it'd had been hacked. I told him we were responsible and we'd undo what we did. I think by this time Mike Muuss came out and gave me the "mount" source and told me to fix it.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH

by norman＠oclsc.org

Tim Newsham: I'm not sure what fd 3 is intended to be, but its the telnet socket in p9p. ==== By the 10/e days, file descriptor 3 was /dev/tty. There was no more magic driver for /dev/tty; the special file still existed, but it was a link to /dev/fd/3. Similarly /dev/stdin stdout stderr were links to /dev/fd/0 1 2. (I mean real links, not mere symbolic ones.) I have a vague recollection that early on /dev/tty was fd/127 instead, but that changed somewhere in the middle 8/e era. None of which says what Plan 9 did with that file descriptor, though I suppose it could possibly have copied the /dev/tty use. And none of that excuses the hard-coded magic number file descriptor, but hackers will be hackers. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 2 months

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8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH

by David du Colombier

Here are my notes to run 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH. http://9legacy.org/9legacy/doc/simh/v8 These notes are quite raw and unpolished, but should be sufficient to get Unix running on SIMH. Fell free to use, improve and share. -- David du Colombier

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] was turmoil, moving to rm -rf /

by David

Many years ago I was at Burroughs and they wanted to do Unix (4.1c) on a new machine. Fine. We all started on the project porting from a Vax. So far so good. Then a new PM came in and said that intel was the future and we needed to use their machines for the host of the port. And an intel rep brought in their little x86 box running some version of Unix (Xenix?, I didn’t go anywhere near the thing). My boss, who was running the Unix port project did the following: Every Friday evening he would log into the intel box as root and run “/bin/rm -rf /“ from the console. Then turn off the console and walk away. Monday morning found the box dead and the intel rep would be called to come and ‘fix’ his box. This went on for about 4 weeks, and finally my boss asked the intel rep what was wrong with his machine. The rep replied that this was ‘normal’ for the hardware/software and we would just have to “get used to it”. The PM removed the intel box a couple of days later. David > On Apr 25, 2017, at 7:19 AM, tuhs-request(a)minnie.tuhs.org wrote: > > From: Larry McVoy <lm(a)mcvoy.com> > To: Clem Cole <clemc(a)ccc.com> > Cc: Larry McVoy <lm(a)mcvoy.com>, TUHS main list <tuhs(a)minnie.tuhs.org> > Subject: Re: [TUHS] was turmoil, moving to rm -rf / > Message-ID: <20170425140853.GD24499(a)mcvoy.com> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii > > Whoever was the genuis that put mknod in /etc has my gratitude. > We had other working Masscomp boxen but after I screwed up that > badly nobody would let me near them until I fixed mine :) > > And you have to share who it was, I admitted I did it, I think > it's just a thing many people do..... Once :)

8 years, 2 months

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Apple Darwin 0.1 and 0.3 sort of running on x86!

by Jason Stevens

I don't know if this is of any interest to anyone here, but 1999 is 18 years ago, so maybe it counts as old? Over on nextcomputers.org various users had found a backup of next68k.org which included a wget of the old source http://nextftp.onionmixer.net/next.68k.org/otto/html/pub/Darwin/PublicSource /Darwin/index.html So I found a copy of Rhapsody DR-2, the last binary version of this Mach 2.5+4.4BSD and after a day got a kernel to build. Another day and I had it interfacing to the driverkit to load drivers. After a post on reddit someone gave me a link to some kdx p2p network, where they had a Darwin 0.3 toast image. using what I learned with Darwin 0.1 I got the 0.3 to build as well. I uploaded a bunch of stuff here: https://sourceforge.net/projects/aapl-darwin/ although it seems to not let me upload the toast images themselves. I did slam together a minimal Darwin 0.3 qemu image that can sort-of boot to single user mode. It's not even slightly useful, but it does show that it works. https://sourceforge.net/projects/aapl-darwin/files/qemu-images/Darwin03_qemu 090_24_4_2017.7z/download

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] There is turmoil in Linux-land - When did rm first avoid going upwards?

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Kurt H Maier > /etc/glob, which appears to report no-match if the first character is . So I couldn't be bothered to work out how 'glob' worked exactly, so I just did an experiment: I created a hacked version of 'rm' that had the directory handling call to glob call 'echo' instead of 'rm'; it also printed 'tried' instead of the actual unlink call, and printed 'cd' when it changed directories. I then set up two subsidiary directors, foo and .bar, with one containing '.foo0 foo1' and the other '.bar0 bar1'. Saying 'xrm -r -f .*' produced this: cd: . -r -f foo xrm xrm.c cd: .. -r -f foo xrm xrm.c cd: .bar -r -f bar1 (This system has /tmp on a mounted file system, which is why the 'cd ..' was a NOP. And a very good thing, too; at one point the phone rang, and it distracted me, and I automatically typed 'rm', not 'xrm'... see below for what happened. No biggie, there were only my test files there. The output lines are "-r -f foo xrm xrm.c" because that's what 'glob' passed to 'echo'.) Saying 'xrm -r -f *' produced this: cd: foo -r -f foo1 xrm: tried xrm.c: tried So apparently 'glob', when presented with '*' , ignores entries starting with '.', but '.*' does not. When I stupidly typed 'rm -r -f .*', it did more or les what I originally thought it would: deleted all the files in all the directories (but only on the /tmp device, because .. linked to the itself in /tmp, so it didn't escape from that volume); leaving all the directories, but empty, except for the files .foo0 and .bar0. So files and inferior directories with names starting with '.' would have escaped, but nothing else. Noel

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] There is turmoil in Linux-land - When did rm first avoid going upwards?

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: "Ron Natalie" > Actually, it's the shell that calls glob. Yes, in the initial expansion of the command line, but V6 'rm' also uses 'glob' internally; if the '-r' flag is given, and the current name in the command argument list is a directory, viz.: if ((buf->mode & 060000) == 040000) { if (rflg) { ... execl("/etc/glob", "glob", "rm", "-r", fflg? "-f": "*", fflg? "*": p, 0); printf("%s: no glob\n", arg); exit(); } (where 'p' is 0 - no idea why the writer didn't just say '"*": 0, 0'). So "rm -f foo*", where the current directory contains file 'foo0 foo1 foo2' and directoty 'foobar', and directory 'foobar' contains 'bar0 bar1 bar2', the first instance of 'glob' (run by the shell) expands the 'foo0 foo1 foo2 foobar' and the second instance (run by 'rm') expands the 'bar0 bar1 bar2'. > Glob then invokes the command (in this case rm). I don't totally grok 'glob', but it is prepared to exec() either the command name, /bin/{command} or /usr/bin/{command}; but if that file is not executable it tries feeding it to the shell, on the assumption it must be a shell command list: execv(file, arg); if (errno==ENOEXEC) { arg[0] = file; *--arg = "/bin/sh"; execv(*arg, arg); } I guess (too lazy to look) that the execv() must return a different error number if the file doesn't exist at all, so it only tries the shell if the file existed, but wasn't executable. Noel

8 years, 2 months

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Runaway rm -r

by Ron Natalie

There was an incident at Pixar that a runaway rm ate most of the Toy Story 2 movie. The only thing that saved them was an employee had their own copy on a machine at home. We never lost the whole disk through one of these, but we did have a guy wipe out /etc/passwd one day. Our password fields had an rfc-822ish user name in the gcos field, so it looked something like: ron::51:50:Ronald Natalie <ron>:/sys1/ron: Well, one of our users decided to grep for a user (alas while root) with the command grep <howard> /etc/passwd

8 years, 2 months

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There is turmoil in Linux-land - When did rm first avoid going upwards?

by Josh Good

Hello all. It's off-topic for this list, but there is turmoil in Linux-land. A bug was discovered in systemd, whereby systemd re-implemented "rm" functionality without following POSIX "rm" behaviour. This could kill a system, as explained here: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/5644 The reference POSIX "rm" behaviour is that "rm -rf .*" should NOT delete the current and parent directories, as stated here: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/rm.html#tag_20_11… So, to get on-topic, I have a question for UNIX historians: when was it first defined in the UNIX realm that "rm -r .*" should NOT delete the current and parent directories? Would the command "cd /tmp ; rm -rf .*" be able to kill a V6 or V7 UNIX system? Regards, -- Josh Good

8 years, 2 months

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Zilog Z80 Unix

by Erik E. Fair

I have a memory of having seen a Zilog Z-80 (not Z8002 like the Onyx) based Unix, possibly v6, at a vendor show or conference - perhaps the West Coast Computer Faire (WCCF) in the late 1970s or early 1980s. I recall asking the people in the booth how they managed without an MMU, and don't recall their answer. I do remember thinking that since Unix had "grown up" with MMUs to stomp on obvious pointer mistakes, the software ought to be relatively well-behaved ... you know: not trying to play "core war" with itself? I searched the TUHS archives cursorily with Google to see if this has been previously mentioned, but pretty much all Z80 CPU references have for its use in "smart" I/O devices back in the day. Does anyone else remember this Z80 Unix and who did it? Or maybe that it was a clone of some kind ... ? looking for a little history, Erik Fair

8 years, 2 months

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Bourne shell and comments

by Warren Toomey

I was trying to configure C news on 2.9BSD today and I found that its Bourne shell doesn't grok # comments. The Bourne shell in 2.11BSD does. So I thought: when did the Bourne (and other) shells first grok # as indicating a comment? Was this in response to #! being added to the kernel, or was it the other way around? And was the choice of #! arbitrary, or was it borrowed from somewhere else? Datum point: 2.9BSD's kernel can recognise #!, but the sh can't recognise #. Cheers, Warren

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Bourne shell and comments

by Doug McIlroy

"Shebang". Nice coinage (which I somehow hadn't heard before). Very much in tune with Bell Labs, where Vic Vyssotsky had instilled "sharp" as the name of # -- not "number", not "pound", and definitely not "hash" -- so shell scripts began with sharp-bang. Doug

8 years, 2 months

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Tektronix 8560 floppies

by Christian Groessler

Hi, I've imaged (with ImageDisk) some floppies I've got with my "new" 8560 system. You can find them at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/tektronix/8560/diskimages . Among other things there are cross-assemblers for 68000, 6809, and 6800. From the TNIX installation disk set one is missing (disk 5 of 5). I'm looking for the Z8000 cross-assembler for TNIX. Does anyone have it? regards, chris

8 years, 2 months

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Etymology of shebang

by Ron Natalie

Oldest actual use in a post I can find is 1997 I did find something I had completely forgot about. The csh used to (probably still does?) differentiate between Bourne shell scripts and csh scripts by looking for #.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Zilog Z80 Unix

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: "Erik E. Fair" > I have a memory of having seen a Zilog Z-80 .... based Unix, possibly v6 > ... I recall asking the people in the booth how they managed without an > MMU, and don't recall their answer. I do remember thinking that since > Unix had "grown up" with MMUs to stomp on obvious pointer mistakes, the > software ought to be relatively well-behaved I don't know about the Z80 part, but for the MMU aspect, recall that the first couple of versions of PDP-11 Unix ran on a model (the -11/20) which didn't have an MMU (although, as mentioned before here, it apparently did later use a thing called a KS11, the specifications for which seem to be mostly lost). Although recall the mention of calling out "a.out!", as to the hazards of doing so... And of course there was the 'Unix for an LSI-11' (LSX), although I gather that was somewhat lobotomized, as the OS and application has to fit into 56KB total. So it was possible to 'sorta kind-of' do Unix without an MMU. Noel

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Bourne shell and comments

by Doug McIlroy

> Is this a reason why "#" was chosen as the root prompt, by the way? No. # was adopted as superuser prompt before the shell had a comment convention. Doug

8 years, 2 months

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make inn automatically accept new group control messages

by John Floren

Looks like INN isn't quite as trusting as CNews, so it doesn't automatically create a group when it receives a control message. Anyone know how to make it do that, or at least email me to notify of the new group? john

8 years, 2 months

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SunOS 4 documentation

by Cory Smelosky

All, Does anyone have SunOS 4 documentation? I am trying to properly configure UUCP and I am unable to find proper documentation. -- Cory Smelosky b4(a)gewt.net

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] TeX/troff/typesetting markups - Re: SunOS 4 documentation

by Doug McIlroy

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charset=UTF-8 Fabulous. Tim McNamara said we should make sure with Vicki Smith that it's not in the conservation easement area and if so, if that's okay? On 14 April 2017 at 17:37, M. Douglas McIlroy < M.Douglas.McIlroy(a)dartmouth.edu> wrote: > Rory, > > A possible tree-felling apportunity exists at the lookout just > north of the summit. The former view toward Baker Tower has > been totally obscured by new growth. If Dartmouth is amenable, > the taller trees might be felled in that patch. There may be > a dozen trees something like 10" in diaameter. > > I saw three other trees at scattered intervals along the > trail, which could be removed, though none is a pressing > hazard: a dead pine >18" and two leaners ~8". > --001a1143d7a672d411054d5dceaa Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <div dir=3D"ltr"><div class=3D"gmail_extra">Fabulous.=C2=A0</div><div class= =3D"gmail_extra"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra">Tim McNamara said we = should make sure with Vicki Smith that it's not in the conservation eas= ement area and if so, if that's okay?=C2=A0</div><div class=3D"gmail_ex= tra"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_extra"><br></div><div class=3D"gmail_ext= ra"><br><div class=3D"gmail_quote">On 14 April 2017 at 17:37, M. Douglas Mc= Ilroy <span dir=3D"ltr"><<a href=3D"mailto:M.Douglas.McIlroy@dartmouth.e= du" target=3D"_blank">M.Douglas.McIlroy(a)dartmouth.edu</a>></span> wrote:= <br><blockquote class=3D"gmail_quote" style=3D"margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-lef= t:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div id=3D":1mg" class=3D"a3s aXjCH m15b= 6e663c119796f">Rory,<br> <br> A possible tree-felling apportunity exists at the lookout just<br> north of the summit. The former view toward Baker Tower has<br> been totally obscured by new growth. If Dartmouth is amenable,<br> the taller trees might be felled in that patch. There may be<br> a dozen trees something like 10" in diaameter.<br> <br> I saw three other trees at scattered intervals along the<br> trail, which could be removed, though none is a pressing<br> hazard: a dead pine >18" and two leaners ~8".</div></blockquot= e></div><br><br></div></div> --001a1143d7a672d411054d5dceaa--

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] TUHS Digest, Vol 17, Issue 41

by David

Just finished it. He isn’t the greatest presenter, and it is an interesting overview of how the Bourne shell got written, including some of the quirks it has to this day. David > On Apr 15, 2017, at 7:00 PM, tuhs-request(a)minnie.tuhs.org wrote: > > Subject: [TUHS] Steven Bourne - early days of unix talk > Message-ID: <201704151756.v3FHuUI4019407(a)freefriends.org> > Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii > >> From the 9fans list: > > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEJoWfobpA

8 years, 2 months

1
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FTP issue

by Arrigo Triulzi

May I recommend you use the ftp-proxy setup on OpenBSD? It is well-documented here: https://www.openbsd.org/faq/pf/ftp.html So far it has solved all passive FTP issues behind NAT for me. Arrigo

8 years, 2 months

1
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Re: [TUHS] TeX/troff/typesetting markups - Re: SunOS 4 documentation

by Michael Kerpan

Comparing documents produced by Heirloom troff and modern versions of LaTeX, I just can't see a huge difference. The main thing TeX has going for it is LyX, which makes composing documents a whole lot more comfortable for folks raised on WYSIWYG. If a tool like that was available for troff... Mike On Apr 14, 2017 6:24 PM, "Toby Thain" <toby(a)telegraphics.com.au> wrote: On 2017-04-14 9:56 AM, Michael Kerpan wrote: > Of course, these days, there's a version of troff that borrows TeX's > layout rules, while also adding vastly improved font handling, support > for the most useful/widely used groff extensions, and more. Why Heirloom > troff isn't more widely used is a puzzle for the ages. > No matter how far you tart up the former, Troff and TeX just aren't playing the same ballgame. --T > Mike >

8 years, 2 months

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Steven Bourne - early days of unix talk

by arnold＠skeeve.com

>From the 9fans list: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kEJoWfobpA It's about an hour long; haven't watched it yet. Arnold

8 years, 2 months

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editors passim

by Steve Simon

Another one i would be interested to know more of. whilst at college i used an inter data 3210 running edition 7, which was version 7 with bits of 2.1 bsd (very much from memory). there was an editor on that machine i have never seen or heard of since - le. it was a visual editor, and i think supported multiple windows, of termcap style. anyone know more? -Steve

8 years, 2 months

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The QED editor, and its modern versions

by Christian Neukirchen

While we are on the topic of old Unix editors, I once made Caltech qed build again: https://github.com/chneukirchen/qed-caltech Also, I've been trying to contact David Tilbrook, who maintains(-ed?) his own version of qed, without success. I got an evaluation copy of his QEF build system, which contains a bit of documentation about it, but no binary. Perhaps someone here can help out, or knows more? -- Christian Neukirchen <chneukirchen(a)gmail.com> http://chneukirchen.org

8 years, 2 months

1
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UK written UNIX line editor in early 80s?

by Steve Mynott

In the autumn of 1984 as an undergrad at Durham University (UK) I remember using a Pascal compiler (pc) on a BSD4.1 system (bumped after several months to 4.1c and running I would guess on a small VAX?) and using a strange line editor (probably because the terminal had crude screen handling capabilities?). I can't remember much about it other than it seemed to resemble ex. I think I was told it was written in the UK and doing some Googling suggests it may have been "em" (Editor for Mortals) from Queen Mary College. However, the time frame for that editor was late 70s and it would have been quite old by 1984. So my current theory is that it was a fork (maybe with a different name) or later version? Anyone use this editor or anything similar around 1984? -- 4096R/EA75174B Steve Mynott <steve.mynott(a)gmail.com>

8 years, 2 months

4
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The Rand Editor

by ron minnich

is this code lost or out there somewhere?

8 years, 2 months

4
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BSD 4.2 distribution differences

by Arthur Krewat

Hello all... I have a BSD 4.2 distribution that I imaged a few years back. It differs from the one in Warren's archives in subtle but significant ways. It appears to be a few months earlier than the one at: http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/UCB/4.2BSD/ Case in point, from srcsys.tar: diff -r ./GENERIC/vers.c /home/krewat/archive/unix/tuhs/4BSD/Distributions/4.2BSD/bin/srcsys/GENERIC/vers.c 1c1 < char version[] = "4.2 BSD UNIX #8: Sun Oct 2 12:03:09 PDT 1983\n"; --- > char version[] = "4.2 BSD UNIX #9: Wed Nov 2 16:00:29 PST 1983\n"; or from src.tar: diff -r ./bin/mail.c /home/krewat/archive/unix/tuhs/4BSD/Distributions/4.2BSD/bin/src/bin/mail.c 2c2 < static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mail.c 4.18 (Berkeley) 9/9/83"; --- > static char sccsid[] = "@(#)mail.c 4.21 (Berkeley) 11/1/83"; 449,454d448 < if (strcmp(my_name, "root") && < strcmp(my_name, "daemon") && < strcmp(my_name, "network")) { < usage(); < done(); < } (was doing a diff -r of the entire tree) stand (first file on tape) is the same down to the checksum. But the checksum for every other file (tape files, not individual files) on the tape is different. Also weird is that on my distribution, these exist: < -rwxrwxr-x 0/10 0 Jul 26 16:37 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ < -r--r--r-- 0/10 3522 Jul 26 03:08 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/lmacs < -r--r--r-- 0/10 5196 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch0.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 13713 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch1.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 42144 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch2.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 9278 Jul 26 03:09 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch3.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 34324 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch4.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 18913 Jul 26 03:10 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch5.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 21543 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch6.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 162 Jul 26 03:10 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch61.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 19093 Jul 26 03:10 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch7.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 26713 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch8.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 12914 Jul 26 03:11 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch9.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 8107 Jul 26 03:11 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch10.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 8694 Sep 25 21:01 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch11.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 22170 Jul 26 03:12 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch12.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 11453 Jul 26 03:12 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch13.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 6678 Jul 26 03:12 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch14.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 6368 Jul 26 03:12 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch15.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 36465 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/ch16.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 6301 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/chb.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 4364 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/chc.n < -r--r--r-- 0/10 5700 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/Makefile < -r--r--r-- 0/10 12 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/indexsed < -r--r--r-- 0/10 98 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/mantags < -r--r--r-- 0/10 166 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/extrnames.awk < -r--r--r-- 0/10 94 Jul 26 03:13 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/fixmks.sed < -r--r--r-- 0/10 57142 Jul 26 03:14 1983 ./ucb/lisp/doc/franz.n But in the TUHS version, ./usb/lisp/doc is linked to /usr/doc/lisp - which doesn't seem to exist. These are just examples of what I see and not the only differences.

8 years, 2 months

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4.3 Wisc file transfer

by Mary Ann Horton

Apologies if this is already on the list somewhere. What's the best way to transfer files in and out of the simh 4.3BSD Wisc version? I can do it with tape files, but it seems like FTP or ssh or NFS ought to be possible, and none is behaving at first blush. Also, what's the recommended way to shut down the system? I shutdown now to single user, then sync a few times, then ^E, but when I boot again I get fsck errors serious enough to require a manual fsck (which generally works fine.) Thanks, Mary Ann

8 years, 2 months

7
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A decision

by Warren Toomey

All, in the 25 years of running this list, generally things have gone well and I've not had to make many unilateral decisions. But today I have chosen to unsubscribe Joerg Schilling from the list. I'm sending this e-mail in so that there is a level of transparency here. I've sent Joerg an e-mail outlining my reasons. Cheers, Warren

8 years, 2 months

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Happy birthday, Internet!

by Dave Horsfall

The Internet (spelled with a capital "I", please, as it is a proper noun) was born in 1969, when RFC-1 got published; it described the IMP and ARPAnet. As I said at a club lecture once, there are many internets, but only one Internet. -- Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer."

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] 4.3 Wisc file transfer

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Mary Ann Horton > What's the best way to transfer files in and out of the simh 4.3BSD Wisc > version? I can do it with tape files, but it seems like FTP or ssh or > NFS ought to be possible, and none is behaving at first blush. Someone should add the equivalent of Ersatz-11's 'DOS' device to SIMH; it's a pseudo-device that can read files on the host filesystem. (Other stuff too, but that's the relevant one here.) A short device driver in the emulated OS, and a program to talk to it, and voila, getting a file into the emulated system is a short one line command, none of this hassle with putting the bits on a virtual tape, etc, etc. I found editing files with 'ed' on my simulated V6 system painful (although i still have the mental microcode to do it), so I did my editing under Windows (Epsilon), and then read the file down to the Unix to compile it. Initially I was doing it by putting the file on a raw virtual pack, and doing something similar to that tape kludge. Then I got smart, and whipped up a driver for the DOS device in Ersatz-11, and a program that used it, to allow me to easily read a file from the Windows filesystem down to the Unix. Going around the compile-debug-edit loop is totally painless now. Noel

8 years, 2 months

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sun-spots

by Richard Tobin

In the 1980s an important resource for Sun users was the sun-spots mailing list. I can't find an archive of it, though some digests were posted to comp.sys.sun and are accessible (with some difficulty) through Google Groups. Does anyone know of a complete archive? -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Unix clones

by Doug McIlroy

> That's interesting that that sort of thing dates back (at least) to the Labs. Research couldn't hold a candle to Development on making smooth transitions. You don't take a telephone switch offline to change a file format or the like. The development cycle used to be about three years: one year for design, one for implementation, and one to build a hybrid to bridge the transition. At 2AM on Sunday, you'd install the hybrid on one of the dual cross-checked processors at a time, so the switch was never interrupted. Later you'd dispense with the hybrid the same way. Doug

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Non-US Unix Activities

by Doug McIlroy

> Steve keeps a copy of Bullet running even today This conjures images of a mediaeval faire! Doug

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Non-US Unix Activities

by Richard Tobin

> While going through papers recently we found what was I am reasonably > sure the quote for the first Sun sold in Scotland which might be of some > interest (inevitably I now don't know where it is, although we did not > throw it away). We're not sure whether it is for that machine, but we > are sure that my wife (who isn't on the list) ran it (a 2/120 we think). > It started out with SunOS 1 (or perhaps before). In 1984 the Programming Systems Groups in Edinburgh's AI department was contracted by SERC to evaluate workstations for its "Common Base" program. We had a Sun 2/120, a Whitechapel MG-1, an Apollo Domain system, and I think we already had at least one PNX Perq. We recommended Suns. I can't find the report we wrote anywhere online, but I'm fairly sure I've seen it in the last couple of years. Presumably we gave the evaluation 2/120 back to Sun and bought the one mentioned by Tim (it was called "islay" unless I have become confused) a bit later, in 1985. -- Richard -- The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Non-US Unix Activities

by Berny Goodheart

> On 7 Apr 2017, at 03:00, tuhs-request(a)minnie.tuhs.org wrote: > > That's a good point Josh. I've been trying to find copies of UKUUG and > EUUG newsletters to add to the archive, along with the AUUG newsletters. > > So if you're on this list and outside of the US, now is the time to > speak up with anecotes etc. Oh, and if you have anything worth adding > to the Unix Archive, please let me know Sheesh! Where to begin.... When I lived in Aus my wife and I were very close friends with John and Marrion. When he passed away, Marrion asked me to clean up his office at UNSW and collect anything of importance. Suffice to say I collected an awful lot of extremely important Unix memorabilia including copies of his books and his first original copy with hand written editing and signed by both Ken and Dennis. There's also the original Unix licenses signed off by BWK. There is so much stuff I can't list it all here but it's boxes (emphasing plural). When I left Aus I brought all this stuff for safe keeping back to the UK. That was 1996. Some time ago, I think at leat 15 years past I was in contact with someone from AUUG (grog may recall) hoping that they would send to collect it all but nothing happened. I also spoke to Armando about all this stuff he suggested a few things but even USENIX group weren't interested. So here I am with all this important stuff.....I would dearly love to hand it off. However I want some sort of guarantee that it would be housed somewhere safe for prosperity and not eventually ending up on eBay...if you know what I mean. As to AUUGN...well one of the boxes contains just about every copy of the newsletter that was published since issue 1 through to the 1996 editions. Warren please email me if you want to discuss further. Cheers Berny Sent from my iPhone

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Unix clones

by Clem Cole

On Wed, Apr 5, 2017 at 9:18 PM, Wesley Parish <wes.parish(a)paradise.net.nz> wrote: > The mention of UNOS a realtime "clone" of Unix in a recent thread raises a > question for me. How many > Unix clones are there? > An interesting question.... I'll take a shot at this in a second, note there is a Wikipedia page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix_variants that I don't fully agree with. The problem with all of this question is really depends where you place which boundary on the following continuum: non-unix add-unix ideas trying to be unix might as well be unix research unix stream eg VMS eg Domain eg UNOS eg Sys V, BSD/386 & Linux Vx & BSD VAX Different people value different things. So here is my take from the "cloned" systems I used/was basically aware.... Idris was a V6 clone for the PDP-11, which I saw 1978ish. I can say I was able to recompile code from v6 and it "just worked" so from a user's standpoint it might as well has been. But the compilers and assemblers were different and I never tried anything "hard" The first attempt to "clone" v7 that I knew about was in France, and written in Pascal - I think at Ecole Tech in Paris? The name of the project escapes me, but they presented the work in the 1979/80 winter USENIX (Blackhole) conference in Denver. There were no proceedings in those days. I believe it also ran on the PDP-11, but I never ran it so; so I have no idea how easy it was to move things from Seventh Edition. But I also don't think they were working binary compatibility, so I think it landed more toward the center. The Cruds folks (Goldberg) wrote UNOS shortly there after (early 80s) It was definitely not UNIX although it tried to have be mostly. We had CRDS box at Masscomp and before I arrived they plan had been to use it get code working before the RTU was running. But the truth was it failed because it was not UNIX. The 68000 vs Vax issues were far, far less of an issue than UNOS != UNIX. To Goldberg's credit, he did have a couple of cool things in it. I believe only system commercial systems that used Kanodia & Reed's Sequences and Eventcounts, were UNOS, Apollo Doman, and Stellar's Stellix (I'm not sure about DG - they might have also at one point). But these were hidden in the kernel. Also the driver model he had was different, so there was no gain writing drivers there. Mike Malcom & Dave Cheriton at Waterloo developed Thoth (Thoth - Thucks), which was written in B, IIRC. Ran on the PDP-11 and was very fast and light. It was the first "ukernel" UNIX-like/clone system.. Moving code from V7 was pretty simple and there was attempt to make it good enough to make it easy to move things, but it was not trying to be UNIX so it was somewhere in the middle. The Tunis folks seem to have been next. This was more in the left side of the page than the right. I think they did make run on the PDP-11, but I'm not so sure how easy it was to move code. If you used their concurrent Pascal, I suspect that code moved. But I'm not sure how easy it was to move a raw K&R "White Book" C code. CMU's Accent (which was redo of Rochester's RIG) came around the same time. Like Tunis the system language was an extended Pascal and in fact the target was the triple drip Perq (aka the Pascalto). The C compiler for it was late, and moving code was difficult, the UNIX influence was clear. Apollo's Aegis/Domain really came next - about 82/83 ish. Like Accent it was written in hacked up Pascal and the command were in Ratfor/Fortran (from the SW Tool User's Group). C showed up reasonably early, but the focus did not start trying to be UNIX. In fact, they were very successfully and were getting ISV's to abandon VMS for them at a very good clip. UNIX clearly influenced the system, but it was not trying to be UNIX, although moving code from BSD or V7 could be done fairly easily. Tannebaum then did MINIX. Other than 8086 vs PDP-11-ism, it was a pretty darned good clone. You could recompile and most things pretty much "just worked." He did not support ptrace and few other calls, but as a basic V7 system running on a pure PDP PC, it was remarkably clean. It also had a large number of languages and it was a great teaching system - which is what Andy created it be. A problem was that UNIX had moved on by the time Andy released it. So BSD & V8 were now pretty much the definition of "UNIX" - large address spaces were needed. As were the BSD tools extensions, such as vi, csh. Also UUCP was now very much in the thing, and while it was a pure v7 clone, it was the lack of "tools" that made it not a good system to "use" and it's deficiencies out weighed the value. Plus as discussed elsewhere, BSD/386 would appear. Steve Ward's crew at MIT created TRIX, which was a UNIX-like, although instead of everything being a file, everything was a process. This was supposed to be the system that rms was originally going to use for GNU, but I never knew what happened. Noel might. I thought it was a cool system, although it was a mono-kernel and around this time, most of the OS research had gone ukernel happy. Coherent was announcement and its provenance is questioned, although as discussed was eventually released from the AT&T official inquiry and you can look it your self. It was clearly a V7 clone for the PC and was more complete than Minix. I also think they supported the 386 fairly quickly, which may have made it more interesting from a commercial standpoint. It also had more of the BSD tools available than Minix did when it was first released. CMU rewrites Accent to create Mach, but this time splices the BSD kernel inside of it so that the 4.1BSD binaries "just work." So it's bit UNIX and a new system all in one. So which is it? This system would begat OSF/1 and eventually become Apple's Mac OS? I think its UNIX, but one can claim its not either.... By this point in time the explosion occurs. You have Lion's book, Andy's and Maury Bach's book on the street. he genie is clearly out of the bottle, and there is a ton of code out there and the DNS is getting all mixed up. Doug Comer does Xinu, Sheraton does V-kernel, Thoth is rewritten to become QNX, and a host of others I have not repeated. BSD's CSRG group would break up, BSDi would be created and their 386 code come out. It was clearly "might as well be" if it was not. Soon, Linus would start with Minix and the rest is history on the generic line. Clem

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Non-US Unix Activities

by Arrigo Triulzi

Ah, so someone rattled our cages… I see Alec has already chimed in so I guess it is time for the others to admit culpability. I’m Italian, born & raised in Milan and first touched Unix in 1978 on my father’s TTY via an acoustic coupler into the “Unix machine” at the University of Milan. It was actually a completely “illegal” venture because the acoustic coupler was not the official one from the Italian monopoly telco, SIP (now Telecom Italia), but one which my dad had imported from the US as he used to work for Honeywell. Not only, the Unix machine was another amazing story because it belonged to the “Cybernetics” group of the Physics Department as the proper Computer Science department did not yet exist (it would be later born as an offspring of the Physics department as “Scienze dell’ Informazione”, Information Sciences aka dsi.unimi.it when “the Internet” arrived) and was run out of God knows who’s funds (Italian academic funding is particular in that you get handed pots of money under generic titles and then what you do with them is your problem). I distinctly remember being asked to change a disk pack aged 8 and causing quite a kerfuffle when I switched the wrong pack. I *think* it was a Vax but cannot remember (age…). At some point I was handed my first Unix book, an Italian translation of a McGraw-Hill book which contained a series of exercises. I ended up following them faithfully, including e-mailing root at the time who was a lady called Anna who’s password was “favola” (fable) and, er, it actually worked when I tested by copying straight out the book. I assume that they thought the readership would not have access to the exact machine the book was written on! At home we eventually landed a string of fancy kit plus access to my father’s GECOS & other Honeywell kit including a Western Digital Pascal uEngine (gorgeous), Apple ][e, etc. but my first “home Unix” was an Onyx C8002, a Z8000-based system with a 40Mb disk and “my" lovely ADM 3a serial terminal on which I learned C on Unix Version 7. That was 1980. After the Onyx we “upgraded" to a series of disastrous Xenix systems but eventually *the* machine came into our house: a gorgeous Data General Aviion pizza box followed by an even more powerful “radiator” later model. Cue: learn X11 :) In parallel by then I was also managing a set of Sun workstations (both Sun3 & Sun4) and a Silicon Graphics at the University of Milan for a professor researching “eidomatics”. I had a memorable joust, my first security gig, with the guy running “idea” (name censored as he turned out to be exactly who he was predicted to be in his youth). Shifted myself to the UK for uni and landed at Imperial College where within a few months I was root on the RS/6000 cluster which had just been purchased and, as they say, the rest is history including running SunOS, installing the first three DEC Alpha workstations in the UK (tera, the server, giga and mega, the “clients”) along with a slew of Ultrix MIPS DECstations which were then upgraded to Alpha via the, then available, “upgrade kit”. Ended up running Alphas & Suns a bit everywhere in Imperial plus a few HPs for the Aeronautical Engineering bunch. I hate HP/UX, for reference. Following Imperial ended up at the now defunct London Parallel Applications Centre where I had an Alpha farm, several Alpha workstations and “my” MasPar plus a rarity, an AMT DAP. Cue: HPF, MPI, etc. etc. plus Tandem K10000. Then Mathematics again where it was Linux & Sun Solaris. At some point I ended up on IPv6 & 6BONE with my very own 3FFE:: prefix. Startup time because it was the dot.com thing and K2 Defender was born (http://www.k2defender.com/) as a co-founder, a gigantic distributed NIDS based around a Tandem S-series (Cue: more TACL) and then ported “down” to a simple Unix database. Then death of the startup because the product was far too early for the world and the only customers would not readily buy from an Italian & South-African/German combo. Since then independent security consultant with an eternal adoration for old Unix systems, in particular Motorola 88K-based. Machines owned in various ways: * VAX w/ Unix * Onyx C8002 * Data General Aviion with System V * tons of PCs running whatever Unix I could lay my hands on * Sun3 * Sun4 until my Ultra & SS10 died * SGI Irix on different machines * Apollo DN10000 * A/UX 1.0 (yes, that too…) * RS/6000 w/ AIX * RIOS with RISCOS (I think…) * Linux since 0.12 booting off a floppy in the Mathematics undergrad PC room :) * OpenBSD since 2.2 * FreeBSD since forever * NetBSD only occasionally * HP/UX * OSF/1 since T1.0 until the bitter end (I still have a gorgeous PWS 600au with the Evans & Sutherland 3D graphics card) * Ultrix * WD9000 w/ Pascal * Xenix * Tandem Unix layer * Convex * other absurd Unix variants I have forgotten… Arrigo

8 years, 2 months

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New on the list!

by Gilles Gravier

Hello all! Thanks Warren for accepting / inviting me! Old timer of computing... Did and contributed the port of PGP 2.6.3i to MIPS RC/3230 in 1993-1994 (cause I needed that to order a Munititions T-Shirt from Adam Back). Yeah... I was running crypto on my corporate server, in France, while it was illegal. But I wanted the T-Shirt... In effect, I can say "been there... done that... got the t-shirt" :) Gilles

8 years, 2 months

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Anybody with V7M experience?

by Warren Toomey

All, I'm trying to build a split I/D kernel for V7M. I've installed the system following my notes at http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/DEC/Jean_Huens_v7m/simh_notes.txt Reading the setup.txt document in the same place, I should be able to do: cd /sys/conf make all44 (build the kern & dev components split I/D) mkconf < hptmconf (set up for hp and tm devices) make unix44 (link the kernel) cp unix_id /nunix (copy it to the root) However, when I try to boot the kernel: PDP-11 simulator V4.0-0 Beta git commit id: 24f1c06d #nunix Trap stack push abort, PC: 071752 (BIS #1,(R3)) Thanks in advance for any help. Warren

8 years, 2 months

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Unix clones

by Wesley Parish

The mention of UNOS a realtime "clone" of Unix in a recent thread raises a question for me. How many Unix clones are there? (My interest in Unix was the result of a local computer magazine, Bits'n'Bytes in the late 80s and early 90s discussing two clones, Minix and Coherent in its Unix column. Then came Linux ...) We've got a timeline (in several forms, in the 4.3BSD and 4.4BSD books and The Magic Garden, on Groklaw, and elsewhere) for Unix and its developments; has anyone done one for the clones? Thanks Wesley Parish "I have supposed that he who buys a Method means to learn it." - Ferdinand Sor, Method for Guitar "A verbal contract isn't worth the paper it's written on." -- Samuel Goldwyn

8 years, 2 months

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I just noticed all the cfont aka C++ in research

by Jason Stevens

I suppose that it would make sense that all of AT&T's leading edge projects would use research Unix. I've always heard of the original C++ to C translator but this is the first time I've actually seen it. It doesn't look like it had the wide scale following that C or Fortan had at this point. Sadly my experience with C++ was mostly tied to Borland on the micro in early 90's, which makes it look mature compared to these early versions. It's great finding stuff like this in the tree hiding in plain sight, if only you know what to look for. (http://unix.superglobalmegacorp.com/cgi-bin/cvsweb.cgi/researchv9/cmd/cfron…) Or that emacs was in the v9 tree, in the religious wars I always imagined NJ being more vi. Thanks again for making this release happen! -- Sent from my Android device with K-9 Mail. Please excuse my brevity.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] [Uucp] utzoo

by Dave Horsfall

On Thu, 30 Mar 2017, Warren Toomey via Uucp wrote: > On 03/29/2017 11:09 PM, Dave Horsfall via Uucp wrote: > > Let the cancel/rmgroup/flame wars begin :-) > > :-P And I still bear the scars from the aus.bizarre war... And I'll bet that not many people remember that little episode :-) > > (Been too busy to set up "utzoo" yet, so if anyone is desperate for it > > then they can have it instead; my long-term goal is to run SimH on a > > RasbPi but first I have to afford one...) > > What's your address? I've got an unused Raspberry Pi that I'll send you > (or anyone else). ;-) First come, first serve. To be sent privately... -- Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer."

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] I just noticed all the cfont aka C++ in research

by Jason Stevens

wow thats perfect, thanks! > ---------- > From: Paul McJones > Sent: Thursday, April 6, 2017 10:42 AM > To: tuhs(a)minnie.tuhs.org > Cc: Jason Stevens > Subject: Re: [TUHS] I just noticed all the cfont aka C++ in research > > I suppose that it would make sense that all of AT&T's leading edge > projects would use research Unix. I've always heard of the original C++ > to C translator but this is the first time I've actually seen it. > > > > In case you're interested, Bjarne Stroustrup has been helping me collect > early versions of cfront here: > > > http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/c_plus_plus/#cfront > > > Previously we had located a listing of Release E (which we scanned), > source for Release 1.0 of 10/10/85, and source for Release 3.0.3. From > these 9th and 10th edition snapshots, cfront 1.2.2 6/10/87, AT&T C++ > Translator 2.00 06/30/89, AT&T C++ Translator 2.1.0+ 04/01/90, and AT&T > C++ Translator 2.1++ 08/24/90 join the list. >

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] I just noticed all the cfont aka C++ in research

by Paul McJones

> I suppose that it would make sense that all of AT&T's leading edge projects would use research Unix. I've always heard of the original C++ to C translator but this is the first time I've actually seen it. In case you’re interested, Bjarne Stroustrup has been helping me collect early versions of cfront here: http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/c_plus_plus/#cfront Previously we had located a listing of Release E (which we scanned), source for Release 1.0 of 10/10/85, and source for Release 3.0.3. From these 9th and 10th edition snapshots, cfront 1.2.2 6/10/87, AT&T C++ Translator 2.00 06/30/89, AT&T C++ Translator 2.1.0+ 04/01/90, and AT&T C++ Translator 2.1++ 08/24/90 join the list.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Ninth Edition incomplete?

by Norman Wilson

Joerg Schilling: BTW: UNOS has been sold to real customers from it's beginning. Was UNIX V8 available outside AT&T? ===== I'm not sure what that has to do with anything. Which of your body parts is so small as to make you insecure, and which UNIX distributions are your body parts drawn from? To answer the question seriously, though: as I think I've already explained here, Eighth Edition UNIX was available under special per-site licensing (a letter agreement) to educational institutions. I'm not sure what the official criterion was: I helped make the tape, but wasn't involved in the paperwork. I believe the total was about a dozen places. A few of them did interesting work with the system that was published e.g. at USENIX conferences (Princeton comes to mind), but most I think never even booted the system up. By then there were other members of the UNIX family that were more comfortable for general use, and people were more interested in the ideas than in the code. And of course we were a research group. We weren't making things for customers. We were sharing our work, to the extent the laywers and our own limited resources allowed. That was the last time the Computing Science Research Center attempted anything like a formal distribution. Any `distributions' after that are just snapshots of a constantly-evolving system. Norman Wilson Toronto ON (Body parts not available on github. Sorry.)

8 years, 2 months

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IP in v8-v10

by Doug McIlroy

> > Can you characterize what the 3rd-party material might be? > > Me personally, no. But there are others on the list who can help do this. > Hopefully they will chime in! Here's a list, gathered from the manuals, of stuff that Bell Labs may not have the right to redistribute, with some (uncertain) attributions of origin. I did not check to see which of them appear in the TUHS archives; I doubt that /usr/src fully covered /bin and /usr/bin. This list is at best a first draft. Please weigh in with corrections. Doug Kernel internet code. BSD Imported commands esterel INRIA lisp, liszt, lxref MIT icont, iconc Arizona macsyma MIT maple Maplesoft Mail BSD matlab Mathworks more BSD (From the manpage: "More, a paginator that lives up to its name, has too many features to describe." Its prodigality has been eclipsed by "less".) netnews Duke ops5 CMU pascal, pc BSD pxp BSD readnews, checknews, postnews Duke sdb BSD smp Wolfram spitbol IIT telnet BSD tex Stanford tset BSD vi, ex, edit BSD Commands I'm not sure about, could be from Bell Labs cyntax news ropy strings Library functions termcap BSD Imported games adventure, zork, aarvark, rogue atc doctor MIT mars trek, ogre, sol, warp, sail Games I'm not sure about back boggle, hangman cribbage, fish ching gebam imp mille pacman pengo swar tso

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Ninth Edition incomplete?

by Norman Wilson

Joerg Schilling: Interesting that they created a name clash: "p" was the name of a pager on UNOS, the first realtime UNIX lookalike from former AT&T employees. ===== p was something Rob Pike brought when he arrived in 1980. I believe he wrote its first version several years earlier, when he was at the University of Toronto. Since UNOS dates from 1981 (says Wikipedia), I think Rob's p gets precedence. Not that it matters. There never was, nor should there ever have been, some global register of UNIX command names during its formative years. UNIX was a research platform and a living work-in-progress until it became productized in the latter part of the 1980s. And, of course, UNOS was a lookalike written from scratch. It wasn't UNIX. If it wanted to be, it should have adopted Rob's p! Norman Wilson Toronto ON (Not in a particularly serious mood)

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] How did you ...

by Doug McIlroy

> [cpp] only became a separate program later than [v6] It came into the manual in v8.

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] How did you ...

by Norman Wilson

Noel Chiappa: Separate program in the V7 distro, though: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/src/cmd/cpp ==== Indeed it was. I recall people using it, calling it by its full pathname, /lib/cpp. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] How did you ...

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Doug McIlroy >> [cpp] only became a separate program later than [v6] > It came into the manual in v8. Separate program in the V7 distro, though: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V7/usr/src/cmd/cpp Noel

8 years, 2 months

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Re: [TUHS] Ninth Edition incomplete?

by Doug McIlroy

> I find it striking that v9 is missing stuff like more or less. As indeed you should. No programs are more antithetical to the

8 years, 2 months

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Ninth Edition incomplete?

by Doug McIlroy

> Does someone have a more complete distribution of the Ninth Edition >From the README and file dates, it is clear that what tuhs has had evolved considerably from the Research system described in the v9 manual. It had been ported to Sun and outfitted with X11. Some lacunae are attributable to the absence of /bin shell scripts; many things were apparently pruned as being of no interest to the installation at hand. It should be borne in mind that there never was such a thing as a "distribution" of v8, v9, or v10. The manuals described the Research computing environment, not a package prepared for shipment. Responsibility for the latter had been taken over by the Unix Support Group. It would be interesting to have a precis of the provenance of the system on view. Doug

8 years, 3 months

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FYI v9 runs on TME

by jsteve＠superglobalmegacorp.com

For the 99% of us that don’t have a SUN-3, it’ll run on TME. I followed the instructions on abiyo.net on installing SunOS 4.1.1 onto TME ( http://www.abiyo.net/retrocomputing/installingsunos411tosun3emulatedintme08… ), and then added in the v9.tar file, and walked through the instructions on bootstrapping v9 from SunOS. I just cheated by copying the SunOS disk into a new scsi disk so I didn’t have to go through the fun of labeling it. TME emulates a SUN3-150 although the BIOS appears to be for a SUN3-160(?).. so the kernel unix.v75 will work when altering the proto0a file. TME can be a little (lot!) touchy to get working, but with enough persistence you can get it booting the ‘funinthe’ v9 image. Sent from Mail for Windows 10

8 years, 3 months

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Ninth Edition incomplete?

by Norman Wilson

I'll have to have a look at what's actually in the archive, but it's important to understand that there was barely a `distribution' of 8/e and never really any of subsequent systems. There was a distinct V8 tape, assembled mainly by Dennis with some help from me, in the fall of 1984. It did not exactly match the manuals that were printed, I think only for internal use, a few months before. It was sent out to about a dozen universities (and perhaps other sorts of non-commercial places), with an individual letter agreement with each destination to cover licensing. Anything after that from the original Computing Science Research Centre was effectively just random snapshots. There was a Ninth Edition manual printed up, but it still didn't really match the state of the system, partly because nobody felt up to doing the all that work and partly because various parts of the system were still changing rapidly. I remember personally making a few such snapshots at various times, e.g. one for a certain university (again under a one-off letter agreement), another for the official UNIX System Labs folks in Summit (I took the tape over there personally and helped get the system running). I have no idea whether any of those is in Warren's archives, and I don't remember whether anyone else made any such snapshots, though my role in the group by then was such that I'd probably have been involved. The `V9 for Sun' distribution was done by someone from one of our sister groups. He took a snapshot of our system at some point and worked from that. There wasn't any organized way to keep his stuff in sync with ours, and I don't think his stuff got a lot of use in the long run so there was little motivation to fix that. All of that at least partly explains the skew between system and manual pages; it was really like that. (Remember, we were a research group, not a production computing centre or a development shop.) Snapshots may have been made hastily enough that some things were missed, too. The 10/e manual came out in early 1990. It happened because enough of us wanted to have a current manual again, Doug was willing to take on the big task of overall editing for Volume 1, and Andrew Hume was energized to make Volume 2 happen--the first Volume 2 since the Seventh Edition. There was a lot of rewriting, cleanup, merging of related entries, and discarding of stuff we no longer used or no longer considered an official part of the system. I remember that the first printed copies arrived just in time for me to get one before I left the wretched suburbs forever in June 1990. Since I'd spent a lot of time working over the power-of-two sections (2 4 8), I was pleased about that. One thing that helped energize others about that manual, by the way, was that I felt the parts I was responsible for were way, way out of date, and that it was no longer accurate for the system to call itself Ninth Edition when it booted. But Edition always meant the manual, so Tenth Edition would be wrong too. I made the boot message say 9Vr2. I figured that would annoy people enough to help convince them to help get a new manual out. I have no data as to how big a help that was. I don't know how many `V10 distributions' Warren has at this point, but one of them is derived from a snapshot I made during a visit to Bell Labs in 1994 or 1995. I had rescued some MicroVAXes before they disappeared into dumpsters, and decided it would be fun to set up a system or two running Research UNIX for my private enjoyment. (I was working at a university that had a letter agreement for 9/e--one of the tapes I'd made, in fact--and a certain department head at Bell Labs decided that as long as I didn't spread the code around, that was probably enough to keep lawyers happy.) I made rather a raw snapshot of the root, /usr, and the whole master source-code area, but with /etc/passwd trimmed of any real passwords. Some years later (and with the help of the resulting running systems) I made a few tar images for Warren to keep in his secret box pending the license issue (which we were discussing even back then). I removed some stuff that didn't belong to Bell Labs and wasn't really part of the system (e.g. some big mathematical packages, a huge bolus of X11 code that had never compiled and never would), and segregated in a separate tar image some stuff that was arguably part of the system but that might technically belong to others (e.g. our workhorse C compiler was based on pcc2, work scj had done over at USG/USL after he'd left the Research world). None of that was really curated either, and there had certainly been further changes to the system since the final 1990 manual was printed, not all of which had been properly reflected in /usr/man. So don't call those systems distributions, because they're not. More important, don't expect them to be fully coherent, because they aren't: they're snapshots, not formal releases. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 3 months

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Ninth Edition incomplete?

by Diomidis Spinellis

First, many thanks to all people who made it possible to release v8 to v10 and especially to Warren for bringing them together. I went through the files in the Ninth Edition available at http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Norman_v9/ and I fear that the distribution may be incomplete. The manual pages for most sections are missing. Also, many v8 /usr/src/cmd commands are not available in v9 /cmd. This is the list of the difference between the two sets. 2621 300 300s 4014 450 512restor ac accton Admin apply arcv arff as asa ascii asd at awk bad144 basename bcd bundle byteyears c2 cal calendar cb cbt cc ccom cflow cflow checkeq chgrp clri col comm compact compat config cref crypt csh ct ctags cvcrypt cyntax daemon dcheck deroff des descrypt diction diff3 dircmp dired dmesg dskcpy dump dumpcatch dumpdir efl ether ex expand f77 factor false fcopy finddev flcopy fold fsplit fstat getopt getuid graph group gsi head hideblock hist hoc hp icheck ideal idiff inet install iostat kasb labmake last lcomp ld learn lfactor lint load log logdir look m4 mail Mail makekey man map mesg mips mkbitfs mkstr monk morse ncheck neqn netfsbug newer news nm number numdate oops pack paste pcc1 PDP11 plot primes prof pstat pti ptx punct qed quot random rarepl ratfor rcp readslow refer reloc renice reset restor rev rp07dump rp07rest sa savecore sdb sdiff seq server settod showq snocone spell spline split struct style sum swapon tabs tape tcat tk tp tpr tr trace track trim tsort ul und unexpand uniq units upas uucp uudecode uuencode v8 value view2d vis where wwb wwv xref xstr yacc yes Anyone knows what is going on? Does someone have a more complete distribution of the Ninth Edition that Warren can put online? Diomidis

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH

by Nelson H. F. Beebe

I was pleased to see the announcement from David du Colombier <0intro(a)gmail.com> of a SIMH VAX image for the newly-released 8th Edition Research Unix, and I had it downloaded and running in short order. I compiled and ran the traditional hello-world test in C, successfully, but the C++ and Fortran companions would not link: # cat hello.cpp #include <stream> int main(void) { cout << "Hello, world...this is C++" << endl; return (0); } # CC hello.cpp cc hello.cpp -lC ld:hello.cpp: bad magic number I also tried extensions .C, .cxx, and .cc, with the same error. With Fortran, I get # cat hello.f print *,'hello ... This is a Fortran 77 program!' end # f77 hello.f hello.f: MAIN: Undefined: __bufendtab _setvbuf The missing symbols do not appear to be defined anywhere in /lib or /usr/lib, suggesting that some V8 libraries have been lost. David reports privately that he sees the same issues that I see. Can anyone on this list identify the problem? Normally, Unix compilers should supply the necessary libraries for standard-conforming code, and f77 would silently add -lI77 and -lF77. The C++ compiler issue seems to be quite different: adding the -v (trace) option shows what it does: # CC -v hello.cpp cc -v hello.cpp -lC + ld -X /lib/crt0.o hello.cpp -lC -lc ld:hello.cpp: bad magic number The source code, rather than the object code, is passed to the loader. This may have to do with the choice of extension: what did early C++ compilers expect for filenames? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Nelson H. F. Beebe Tel: +1 801 581 5254 - - University of Utah FAX: +1 801 581 4148 - - Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB Internet e-mail: beebe(a)math.utah.edu - - 155 S 1400 E RM 233 beebe(a)acm.org beebe(a)computer.org - - Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090, USA URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8 years, 3 months

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Tenth Edition: /usr/include + get it running

by Warren Toomey

All, I've just had an e-mail from someone to say that the two 10th Edition versions we now have in the Unix Archive are missing /usr/include: ----- Forwarded message from someone ----- /usr/include is missing from both Dan's and Norman's archive. Here it is (with a README). The timestamp on these files is: -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 307 Sep 3 1997 README -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 829440 Sep 3 1997 r70include.tar ----- End forwarded message ----- I've put these files into http://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Distributions/Research/Norman_v10/ Now that we have 9th Edition up and running, it would be good to see 10th Edition also up and running. I know there are people out there who can help with this, so this is a call out for help and for volunteers. Cheers, Warren P.S The UUCP project is now up to 23 sites: https://github.com/DoctorWkt/4bsd-uucp/blob/4.3BSD/uucp.png

8 years, 3 months

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TUHS GitHub org

by Cory Smelosky

All, I have created a TUHS-related github org to store: 1). UUCP-related patched software 2). patched/maintained c-news 3). forks et al of newsreaders Largely just to give a central locatiom. Usual disclaimers apply...if you want me to delete the org/change name/transfer ownership/etc just shoot me an email. https://github.com/TUHS -- Cory Smelosky http://gewt.net Personal stuff http://gimme-sympathy.org Projects

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Pi, samuel, cin and 8th, 9th, 10th Edition Unix

by Doug McIlroy

> If anyone has any information about 'samuel' or 'cin', > I would be delighted to hear from him or her. cin appears in the v9 and v10 manuals. Thus if the program is found in the wild, there should be no compunction about adding it to the tuhs archive. Doug

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] [Uucp] bringing systems up

by Cory Smelosky

Due to having an actual NSA VAX...I think I should get NSAVAX ;) Sent from my iPhone > On Mar 30, 2017, at 23:13, Dave Horsfall via Uucp <uucp(a)minnie.tuhs.org> wrote: > >> On Thu, 30 Mar 2017, Kurt H Maier via Uucp wrote: >> >> kremvax and moskvax are online. What's the policy on uucp.map entries >> for hosts that never really existed in the first place? > > Hmmm... I wouldn't mind having "kgbvax" in that case (I've relinquished > "utzoo" to Henry Spencer himself). Or possibly "ciavax" or "fbivax"... > > -- > Dave Horsfall DTM (VK2KFU) "Those who don't understand security will suffer."

8 years, 3 months

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Pi, samuel, cin and 8th, 9th, 10th Edition Unix

by Noel Hunt

I was just the other day apprised of the fact that Warren Toomey had finally got permission to make public sources from Eight, Ninth and Tenth Edition Unix. It was Paul McJones from the Software Preservation Group who made me aware of this because some months ago I was in touch with him in regard to the status of source for 'pads/pi' which is on the SPG website. That was donated by Bjorn Stroustrup in 2004 I believe, as an example of a large C++ project, along with sources for 'cfront'. I myself have been working on pads/pi in a desultory fashion since 1990 when I left the Basser Department of Computer Science at the University of Sydney; we had an Eighth Edition licence, hence source code, and all of the blit/jerq utilities. I ported 'pads' to the Plan9 graphics model many years ago, and finally started to port 'pi' to Solaris 11 a couple of years ago. This works in a rudimentary fashion, but needs a Dwarf interface. Given that Bjorn Stroustrup released this code long ago (a much later version than what I had), I daresay there are no problems with its publication. I have, however, also worked on 'samuel' and ported its functionality to the Plan9 'sam'. 'samuel' does not appear in any of the archives that Wareen Toomey has made available, so I am wondering what its status may be. It was written by John Puttress at the labs in the late '80s, when he was apparently working under Ted Kowalski. Ted Kowalski is also a 'person of interest' because he wrote 'cin', the C interpreter, an interface to which exists in 'samuel'. Ted Kowalski unfortunately passed away some years ago and no-one seems to know where the source is. It again, isn't in any of the archives that Wareen Toomey has been able to make available. If anyone has any information about 'samuel' or 'cin', I would be delighted to hear from him or her. Bruce Ellis, who wrote 'cyntax', told me that he worked on 'cin' a lot (in the '90s I think, when he worked at Bell Labs) but it was succeeded by something named 'vice', about which I can find no information. Again, I would be grateful for any information about this. Regards, Noel Hunt

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Ethernet in /dev (was Re: Were all of you.. Hippies?)

by Norman Wilson

Joerg Schilling: This is done on a UNIX implementation that uses STREAMS. SVr4 is such a UNIX. ====== I know that SVr4 has STREAMS (somewhat more elaborate than the original stream I/O system, but the same principles), and knew (though I'd forgotten) that Ethernet devices are stream-capable. I did an implementation of the late lamented Coraid's AoE protocol that took advantage of that. Somewhat like the Research IP implementation, in fact: there was an AoE line discipline to be pushed onto an Ethernet device, coupled to devices in /dev/dsk and /dev/rdsk. But is IP done that way in SVr4 (or at least in Solaris, its most-visible descendant)? I had the impression that the IP stack was more like the BSD one, with everything coupled together within the kernel and a fundamentally socket interface. I've never actually looked at the code, though. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Release of 8th, 9th and 10th Editions Unix

by Norman Wilson

Arnold: > Well, I'll take credit for pushing Norman yet again. :-) ARGGH. That should have been Well, I'll take credit for pushing Warren ... ^^^^^^ ===== I confess I didn't notice the fumble the first time. But in fact Warren has had the dubious pleasure of pushing me for something more than once. So just think of it as another level of indirection. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Ethernet in /dev (was Re: Were all of you.. Hippies?)

by Norman Wilson

Ron Natalie: It's a violation of the network layering concept to require or even allow the user to bind the application data streams to a physical device. ===== Oh, come on. If you mean an applications programmer shouldn't have to wallow in low-level network details, I agree. That's one of the reasons I think the socket interface now standard in nearly every UNIX is an abomination. It reminds me of the binary data structures you had to assemble just to open a file in TOPS-10, only ten times worse. But if you mean it's a violation of layering for the kernel to expose the pieces and let user-mode code to the work, I strongly disagree. By that argument, the very idea of inetd is an abomination. Possibly even the ifconfig command. And don't even get the hypothetical you started on microkernels. User-mode code for device drivers or file systems? Outrageous violation of layering! Send in the New Jersey Inquisition!! Or perhaps you misunderstand how it all works. Device files for Ethernet devices, /dev/ip*, and so on are like those for disk devices: you could allow anyone to read and write them, but in practice you probably wouldn't: you'd restrict access to the super-user and perhaps a special group to admit some sort of privilege reduction (like the group allowed to read disks on some systems, or to read /dev/kmem). That parts of the stack are assembled in user mode is a feature, not a bug. The one glaring flaw, as I said, is that no permissions are checked when pushing a stream line discipline onto a file. I think that happened because when Dennis first wrote the code, he was thinking about modules to implement canonical-tty semantics, or to invoke the very-different Datakit networking model. It's a fundamental flaw, though. I have had thoughts about fixing it, but never enough time nor enough motivation. (My technical mind is pretty much filled up by what I am paid to do these days; I haven't done much hobby computing in years.) Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 3 months

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Ethernet in /dev (was Re: Were all of you.. Hippies?)

by Norman Wilson

Josh Good: Which brings up a question I have: why didn't UNIX implement ethernet network interfaces as file names in the filesystem? Was that "novelty" a BDS development straying away from AT&T UNIX? ====== Remember that UNIX has long been a family of systems; it's risky to make blanket statements! The following is from memory; I haven't looked at this stuff for a while and am a few kilometers from my manuals as I type this. I can dig out the complete story later if anyone wants it; for now, this is just the flavour and the existence proof. Research UNIX, once it supported Ethernet at all, did so using devices in /dev; e.g. /dev/qe0[0-7] were the conventional names for the first DEQNA/DELQA device on a MicroVAX. There were eight subdevices per physical device, each a channel that might receive datagrams of a particular 16-bit type, programmed by an ioctl. To set up what we now call an IP interface, one did the following: a. Open an unused channel for the proper Ethernet physical device. (I think the devices were exclusive- open to make this easier: open /dev/qe00, then qe01, and so on until one succeeds.) b. Issue the ioctl to set the desired datagram type, usually 0x800. c. Push the IP stream line discipline onto the open file. d. Issue an ioctl to inform that IP instance of its address and netmask. Now datagrams of the specified type arriving on that device are fed to the IP subsystem, and the IP subsystem uses the IP address and mask and possibly other information to decide which datagrams to route to that IP instance, which sends them out that physical device. I forget how ARP and Ethernet encapsulation fit in. I know that they were someone more naive early on, and that in the 10/e systems I can now admit I have running at home I made things a bit smarter and less brittle. But that's the basic architecture. So how does one actually make, say, a TCP connection? Another layer of the same sort: There are devices /dev/ipX, served by an IP device driver that is part of the IP subsystem. Originally minor device X was hard-connected to IP protocol X; I later changed that to be ioctl-configured as well. To make TCP usable: a. Open /dev/ip6 (old school), or find an unused /dev/ipX (again they are exclusive-open) and configure it to accept protocol 6. b. Push the TCP stream line discipline onto the open file. c. There are probably things one could then configure, but I don't remember them offhand. To make a TCP call, open an unused /dev/tcpNN device; write something to it (or maybe it was an ioctl) with the desired destination address; wait for an error or success. On success, writes to the file descriptor send to the network, encapsulated as a TCP stream; reads receive. To receive a TCP call, open an unused /dev/tcpNN device, and write something (or ioctl) to say `I want to listen on this local port.' Then read the file. When a call arrives, you will read a message saying who's calling, and what /dev/tcpXX device you should open to accept the call. Notice the general scheme: for both TCP and IP (and there was a primitive UDP at one point, but it has fallen out of use on my systems), the protocol implementation comprises: 1. A line discipline: push it onto devices that will transport your data. 2. A device driver: use those devices to send and receive calls. The two are inextricably coupled inside the operating system, of course. There are all sorts of unfortunate details surrounding communications; e.g. the TCP code knows it is talking to IP, and constructs datagrams with partly-filled-in IP headers. (It is not clear one can do better than that in practice, because the protocols themselves really are linked, but I still think it's unfortunate.) On the other hand, that the junctions between plumbing are accessible makes some things very simple. I wrote a PPP implementation in user mode, with no kernel changes: to plug itself into IP, it just pushed the IP line discipline onto one end of a pipe, and read and wrote datagrams on the other. I later extended it to PPPoE by having it open an Ethernet device set to the proper datagram types (there is one for data and another for connection setup). On the other other hand, there are no permissions on stream line disciplines, so an untrustworthy person (if I allowed such on my systems) could push the IP line discipline onto his own pipe and send whatever datagrams he liked. This is decidedly a flaw. Those familiar with the original stream-system implementation have already spotted a lesser flaw: the file descriptor with IP pushed on (or TCP, or whatever) must remain open; when it is closed, everything shuts down. In practice it is usually useful to have a daemon listening to that file anyway; that's a good way for the system to report errors or confusion. In practice, TCP incalls and outcalls all went through a special daemon anyway, so that programs didn't have to be full of TCP-specific crap; that's what Dave Presotto's `connection server' is all about. Norman Wilson Toronto ON

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH

by Jason Stevens

Thanks for the hints, and whatnot... I got v8 running! > ---------- > From: Tim Newsham > Sent: Wednesday, March 29, 2017 7:50 AM > To: David du Colombier > Cc: The Eunuchs Hysterical Society > Subject: Re: [TUHS] 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH > > Would be great if someone scripted it up to make it dog-simple. > Here's how I did it for v6: http://www.thenewsh.com/~newsham/myv6/README > (I should do this, but I'm not sure I'll have time in the near future). > > On Tue, Mar 28, 2017 at 8:58 AM, David du Colombier < 0intro(a)gmail.com> > wrote: > > > Here are my notes to run 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH. > > http://9legacy.org/9legacy/doc/simh/v8 > > These notes are quite raw and unpolished, but should be > sufficient to get Unix running on SIMH. > > Fell free to use, improve and share. > > -- > David du Colombier > > > > > > -- > > Tim Newsham | www.thenewsh.com/~newsham | @newshtwit | > thenewsh.blogspot.com >

8 years, 3 months

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Searching for 9th Edition Research Unix mail / Mail / mailx

by Steffen Nurpmeso

I am maintaining a BSD Mail derivative and one goal of the project is to have the complete history of Unix mail and BSD Mail in the repository. There yet exists a [timeline] branch, which has been fed with data from TUHS (thank you!) and CSRG; but it is coarse and further linear history and so the new V8 and V10 cannot be inserted, i will need to add new [unix-mail] and [bsd-Mail] (and maybe [bsd-csrg] with all commits preserved, like Spinellis did so in the Unix-history repository). Thanks to TUHS the former can be almost completed, except that there is no trace of 9th Edition mail. It would be fantastic if finally this project could provide the complete history of Unix mail. I would be thankful for informations where to get a copy of 9th Edition mail. Thank you. P.S.: apologizing for capturing the other thread with such a coarse message. --steffen

8 years, 3 months

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Release of 8th, 9th and 10th Editions Unix

by Warren Toomey

All, today after some heroic efforts by numerous people over many years, Nokia-Alcatel has issued this statement at https://media-bell-labs-com.s3.amazonaws.com/pages/20170327_1602/statement%… Statement Regarding Research Unix Editions 8, 9, and 10 Alcatel-Lucent USA Inc. (“ALU-USA”), on behalf of itself and Nokia Bell Laboratories agrees, to the extent of its ability to do so, that it will not assert its copyright rights with respect to any non-commercial copying, distribution, performance, display or creation of derivative works of Research Unix®1 Editions 8, 9, and 10. The foregoing does not (i) transfer ownership of, or relinquish any, intellectual property rights (including patent rights) of Nokia Corporation, ALU-USA or any of their affiliates, (ii) grant a license to any patent, patent application, or trademark of Nokia Corporation, ALU-USA. or any of their affiliates, (iii) grant any third-party rights or licenses, or (iv) grant any rights for commercial purposes. Neither ALU-USA. nor Nokia Bell Laboratories will furnish or provided support for Research Unix Editions 8, 9, and 10, and make no warranties or representations hereunder, including but not limited to any warranty or representation that Research Unix Editions 8, 9, and 10 does not infringe any third party intellectual property rights or that Research Unix Editions 8, 9, and 10 is fit for any particular purpose. There are some issues around the copyright of third party material in 8th, 9th and 10th Editions Unix, but I'm going to bite the bullet and make them available in the Unix Archive. I'll post details later today. Cheers, Warren

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Tim Newsham > Would be great if someone scripted it up to make it dog-simple. But if people just have to press a button (basically), they won't learn anything. I guess I'm not understanding the point of the exercise? To say they have V6 running? So what? All they did was press a button. If it's to experience a retro-computing environment, well, a person who's never used one of these older systems is going to be kind of lost - what are they going to do, type 'ls -ls' and look at the output? Not very illuminating. (On V6, without learning 'ed', they can't even type in a small C program, and compile and run it.) Sorry, I don't mean to be cranky, but I'm not understanding the point. Noel

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] 8th Edition Research Unix on SIMH

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Grant Taylor > However, I've had to teach enough people to know that they need a way to > boot strap themselves into an environment to start learning. Right, but wouldn't they learn more from a clear and concise hand-holding which explains what they are doing and why - 'do this which does that to get this'? There is no more a royal road to knowing a system, than there is to mathematics. > I do consider what (I believe) Warren put together for the UUCP project > to be a very good start. Simple how to style directions that are easy > to follow that yield a functional system. Exactly.... Noel

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Happy birthday, PDP-8!

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-03-28 09:37, jnc(a)mercury.lcs.mit.edu (Noel Chiappa) wrote: > > > From: Johnny Billquist > > > the PDP-11 have the means of doing this as well.... If anyone ever > > wondered about the strangeness of the JSR instruction of the PDP-11, it > > is precisely because of this. > > ... > > I doubt Unix ever used this, but maybe someone know of some obscure > > inner kernel code that do. :-) > > Actually Unix does use JSR with a non-PC register to hold the return address > very extensively; but it also uses the 'saved PC points to the argument' > technique; although only in a limited way. (Well, there may have been some > user-mode commands that were not in C that used it, I don't know about that.) > > First, the 'PC points to arguments': the device interrrupts use that. All > device interrupt vectors point to code that looks like: > > jsr r0, _call > _iservice > > where iservice() is the interrupt service routine. call: is a common > assembler-language routine that calls iservice(); the return from there goes > to later down in call:, which does the return from interrupt. Ah. Thanks for that. I hadn't dug into those parts, but that's the kind of place where I might have suspected it might have been, if anywhere. > Use of a non-PC return address register is used in every C routine; to save > space, there is only one copy of the linkage code that sets up the stack > frame; PDP-11 C, by convention, uses R5 for the frame pointer. So that common > code (csv) is called with a: > > jsr r5, csv > > which saves the old FP on the stack; CSV does the rest of the work, and jumps > back to the calling routine, at the address in R5 when csv: is entered. (There's > a similar routine, cret:, to discard the frame, but it's 'called' with a plain > jmp.) Hah! Thinking about it, I actually knew that calling style, but didn't reflect on it, as you're not passing any arguments in the instruction stream in that situation. But it's indeed not using the PC as the register in the call, so I guess it should count in some way. :-) Johnny

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] 'Command subcommand ...' history

by Doug McIlroy

In some sense the "command subcommand" syntax dates from ar in v1, though option flags were catenated with the mandatory subcommand. The revolutionary notion that flags/subcommands might be denoted by more than one letter originated at PWB (in "find", IIRC). Doug

8 years, 3 months

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Eigth Edition UNIX Status

by Cory Smelosky

Closer... : hp(0,0)nunix 136484+52868+370724 start 0xf48 Unix 8th Edition Fri Mar 26 17:47:30 GMT 1976 real mem = 8322048 nbuf = 254 nswbuf = 126 avail mem = 6350848 mcr0 at tr1 mcr1 at tr2 uba0 at tr3 dz0 at uba0 csr 160100 vec 0300 ipl x15 dz1 at uba0 csr 160110 vec 0310 ipl x15 dz2 at uba0 csr 160120 vec 0320 ipl x15 dz3 at uba0 csr 160130 vec 0330 ipl x15 mba0 at tr8 hp0 at mba0 drive 0 hp1 at mba0 drive 1 mba1 at tr9 ht0 at mba1 drive 0 tu0 at ht0 slave 0 It's booted...;) -- Cory Smelosky http://gewt.net Personal stuff http://gimme-sympathy.org Projects

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Happy birthday, PDP-8!

by jnc＠mercury.lcs.mit.edu

> From: Johnny Billquist > the PDP-11 have the means of doing this as well.... If anyone ever > wondered about the strangeness of the JSR instruction of the PDP-11, it > is precisely because of this. > ... > I doubt Unix ever used this, but maybe someone know of some obscure > inner kernel code that do. :-) Actually Unix does use JSR with a non-PC register to hold the return address very extensively; but it also uses the 'saved PC points to the argument' technique; although only in a limited way. (Well, there may have been some user-mode commands that were not in C that used it, I don't know about that.) First, the 'PC points to arguments': the device interrrupts use that. All device interrupt vectors point to code that looks like: jsr r0, _call _iservice where iservice() is the interrupt service routine. call: is a common assembler-language routine that calls iservice(); the return from there goes to later down in call:, which does the return from interrupt. Use of a non-PC return address register is used in every C routine; to save space, there is only one copy of the linkage code that sets up the stack frame; PDP-11 C, by convention, uses R5 for the frame pointer. So that common code (csv) is called with a: jsr r5, csv which saves the old FP on the stack; CSV does the rest of the work, and jumps back to the calling routine, at the address in R5 when csv: is entered. (There's a similar routine, cret:, to discard the frame, but it's 'called' with a plain jmp.) Noel

8 years, 3 months

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'Command subcommand ...' history

by Tim Bradshaw

Lots of tools now seem to use this strategy: there's some kind of wrapper which has its own set of commands (which in turn might have further subcommands). So for instance git remote add ... is a two layer thing. Without getting into an argument about whether that's a reasonable or ideologically-correct approach, I was wondering what the early examples of this kind of wrapper-command approach were. I think the first time I noticed it was CVS, which made you say `cvs co ...` where RCS & SCCS had a bunch of individual commands (actually: did SCCS?). But I think it's possible to argue that ifconfig was an earlier example of the same thing. I was thinking about dd as well, but I don't think that's the same: they're really options not commands I think. Relatedly, does this style originate on some other OS? --tim (I realise that in the case of many of these things, particularly git, the wrapper is just dispatching to other tools that do the werk: it's the command style I'm interested in not how it's implemented.)

8 years, 3 months

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Re: [TUHS] Happy birthday, PDP-8!

by Johnny Billquist

On 2017-03-27 04:00, Greg 'groggy' Lehey <grog(a)lemis.com> wrote: > On Monday, 27 March 2017 at 6:49:30 +1100, Dave Horsfall wrote: >> And as for subroutine calls on the -8, let's not go there... As I dimly >> recall, it planted the return address into the first word of the called >> routine and jumped to the second instruction; to return, you did an >> indirect jump to the first word. Recursion? What was that? > This was fairly typical of the day. I've used other machines (UNIVAC, > Control Data) that did the same. Later models added a second call > method that stored the return address in a register instead, only > marginally easier for recursion. > > At Uni I was given a relatively simple task to do in PDP-8 assembler: > a triple precision routine (36 bits!) to clip a value to ensure it > stayed between two limits. Simple, eh? Not on the PDP-8. Three > parameters, each three words long. only one register, no index > registers. I didn't finish it. Revisiting now, I still don't know > how to do it elegantly. How *did* the PDP-8 pass parameters? This is probably extremely off-topic, so I'll keep it short. This is actually very simple and straight forward on a PDP-8, but it might seem strange to people used to todays computers. Essentially, you pass parameters in memory, as a part of the code stream. Also, the PDP-8 certainly do have index registers. The first thing one must do is stop thinking of the AC as a register. The accumulator is the accumulator. Memory is registers. Some memory locations autoincrement when used indirectly, they are called index registers. That said, then. A simple example of a routine passing two parameters (well, three): First the calling: CLA TAD (42 / Setup AC with the value 42. JMS COUNT BUFPTR BUFSIZ . / Next instruction executed, with AC holding number of matching words in buffer. . Now, this routine is expected to count the number of occurances of a specific word in a memory buffer with a specific size. At calling, AC will contain the word to search for, while the address following the JMS holds the address, and the following address holds the size. The routine: COUNT, 0 CIA DCA CHR / Save the negative of the word to search for. CMA TAD I COUNT DCA PTR / Setup pointer to the address before the buffer. ISZ COUNT / Point to next argument. TAD I COUNT CIA DCA CNT / Save negative value of size. DCA RESULT / Clear out result counter. LOOP, TAD I PTR / Get next word in buffer. TAD CHR / Compare to searched for word. SNA / Skip if they are not equal. ISZ RESULT / Equal. Increment result counter. ISZ CNT / Increment loop counter. JMP LOOP / Repeat unless end of buffer. CLA / All done. Get result. TAD RESULT JMP I COUNT / Done. PTR=10 CNT=20 CHR=21 RESULT=22 Addresses 10-17 are the index registers, so the TAD I PTR instruction will autoincrement the pointer everytime, and the increment happens before the defer, which is why the initial value should be one less than the buffer pointer. Hopefully this gives enough of an idea, but unless you know the PDP-8 well, you might be a little confused by the mnemonics. As you can see, the return address at the start is used for more than just doing a return. It's also your argument pointer. Johnny

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